LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Gl  FT    OF 


n 

Class 


REPORT 


OF  THE 


DELEGATES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


TO  THE 


PAN-AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS 


HELD  AT  SANTIAGO,  CHILE 

DECEMBER  25,  1908,  TO 

JANUARY  5,  1909 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE 
1909 


To  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives: 

I  transmit  herewith  for  the  information  of  Congress  the  report  of 
the  delegates  of  the  United  States  sent  to  the  Pan-American  Scientific 
Congress  held  at  Santiago,  Chile,  in  pursuance  of  the  sundry  civil  act 
approved  May  27,  1908,  "to  enable  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  to  be  fittingly  represented  at  the  First  Pan-American  Scientific 
Congress,  to  be  held  at  Santiago,  Chile,  during  the  year  1908." 

WM.  H.  TAFT. 

THE  WHITE  HOUSE,  May  28,  1909. 


The  PRESIDENT: 

The  undersigned,  Acting  Secretary  of  State,  has  the  honor  to  lay 
before  the  President,  with  a  view  to  its  transmission  to  the  Congress, 
the  report  of  the  delegates  of  the  United  States  sent  to  the  Pan- 
American  Scientific  Congress  held  at  Santiago,  Chile,  in  pursuance  of 
the  provision  of  the  sundry  civil  act  approved  May  27,  1908,  "to 
enable  the  Government  of  the  United  States  to  be  fittingly  repre- 
sented at  the  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress,  to  be  held  at 
Santiago,  Chile,  during  the  year  1908." 

Respectfully  submitted. 

HUNTINGTON   WlLSON, 

Acting  Secretary  of  State. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE, 

Washington,  May  25,  1909. 

3 


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UNIVERSITY 

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REPORT  OF  THE  DELEGATES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TO  THE 
PAN-AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS. 


SIR:  The  undersigned  delegates  of  the  Pan-American  Scientific 
Congress,  held  at  Santiago,  Chile,  December  25,  1908,  to  January  5, 
1909,  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  and  to  attach 
thereto : 

A.  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress:  Message  of  President  of  United  States  and 
memorandum  of  Secretary  of  State. 

B.  List  of  papers  presented  to  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress. 

C.  Abstract  of  address  of  the  chairman  of  the  delegation  of  the  United  States  at  the 
inaugural  session. 

D.  Abstract  of  address  of  the  chairman  of  the  delegation  of  the  United  States  at 
the  closing  session. 

E.  Report  on  section  1:  Pure  and  applied  mathematics. 

F.  Report  on  section  2:  Physical  and  chemical  sciences. 

G.  Report  on  section  3,  subsection  1:  Anthropology  and  ethnology  of  the  American 
races. 

H.  Report  on  section  3,  subsections  2  and  3:  Zoology  and  botany. 
I.    Report  on  section  3,  subsection  4:  Geology  and  related  subjects. 
J.    Report  on  section  4:  Engineering. 
K.  Report  on  section  5:  Medical  science  and  hygiene. 
L.  Report  on  section  6:  Juridical  sciences. 
M.  Report  on  section  7,  subsections: 
(a)  History. 
6)  International  law. 

c)  Representative  and  parliamentary  government. 

d)  Diplomatic  history  and  international  policy. 

N.  Report  on  section  8:  Sciences  of  pedagogy  and  philosophy.  Subsection  17: 
Fine  arts. 

O.  Report  on  section  9:  Agronomy  and  zootechnics. 

P.  Names  of  members  of  the  official  delegation  of  the  United  States,  delegates  of 
Association  of  American  Universities,  delegates  of  American  universities,  and  dele- 
gates of  other  institutions. 

Q.  Personnel  of  organization  committee  and  regulations  of  the  Pan-American 
Scientific  Congress. 

R.  Local  committees  of  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress. 

ANTECEDENTS    OF    THE    FIRST    PAN-AMERICAN    SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

The  first  impulse  to  the  holding  of  these  scientific  congresses  was 
given  by  the  Argentine  Scientific  Society  of  Buenos  Aires.  In  1896 
this  society,  in  order  to  celebrate  its  twenty-fifth  anniversary,  decided 
to  convene  a  Latin- American  scientific  congress. 

This  congress  assembled  in  Buenos  Aires  on  the  10th  of  April,  1898, 
and  adjourned  on  the  20th  day  of  the  same  month.  Most  of  the  Latin- 
American  countries  were  represented.  One  hundred  and  twenty-one 

5 


6  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

papers  were  submitted,  covering  every  branch  of  science.  At  the 
closing  session,  held  on  the  21st  day  of  April,  1898,  it  was  decided  to 
hold  the  next  congress  in  Montevideo  in  1901,  for  which  purpose  a 
committee  on  organization  was  appointed,  composed  of  13  prominent 
Uruguayans. 

The  Montevideo  congress  assembled  on  the  20th  day  of  March, 
1901,  and  adjourned  on  the  31st  day  of  the  same  month.  The  repre- 
sentation at  this  congress,  both  official  and  corporate,  was  larger  than 
at  its  predecessor  in  Buenos  Aires.  There  were  48  official  or  govern- 
ment delegates,  79  representatives  of  scientific  corporate  bodies,  and 
749  affiliated  members.  The  number  of  papers  submitted  was  also 
larger,  the  total  reaching  163.  At  the  closing  session  of  the  Monte- 
video congress,  it  was  decided  to  hold  the  Third  Latin- American  Sci- 
entific Congress  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  during  the  winter  of  1905. 

This  congress  assembled  on  the  6th  of  August,  1905,  and  adjourned 
on  the  16th  day  of  the  same  month.  At  the  Rio  congress  there  were 
780  members.  Although  the  number  of  papers  was  somewhat 
smaller,  numbering  120,  the  first  attempt  was  made  to  concentrate 
attention  on  a  more  restricted  group  of  problems.  At  the  closing  ses- 
sion it  was  decided  to  hold  the  fourth  congress  in  Santiago  de  Chile. 
The  month  of  December,  1908,  was  agreed  upon  as  the  date  and  an 
organization  committee  was  appointed,  composed  of  a  distinguished 
group  of  Chilean  scientists. 

The  experience  acquired  during  the  Buenos  Aires,  Montevideo, 
and  Rio  congresses  clearly  demonstrated  the  necessity  of  limiting  the 
range  of  discussion  in  order  to  bring  to  bear  upon  concrete  scientific 
problems  the  accumulated  experience  of  the  countries  represented. 
The  Chilean  committee,  at  its  preliminary  sessions,  determined  to 
select  for  the  programme  of  the  congress  those  questions  which  are 
of  special  interest  to  the  countries  of  Latin  America.  The  distin- 
guished scientists  in  charge  of  the  preliminary  arrangements  of  the 
congress  clearly  saw  that  in  the  public  and  private  law,  in  ethnology, 
archaeology,  linguistics,  and  even  in  medicine  and  sanitation,  there 
are  problems  that  are  distinctively  American,  and  that  the  inter- 
change of  experience  between  the  republics  of  this  continent  would 
be  of  the  greatest  possible  value. 

The  plans  for  the  congress  had  not  proceeded  very  far,  however, 
before  it  became  manifest  that  the  United  States  had  quite  as  deep 
an  interest  in  this  group  of  problems  as  any  of  the  Latin-American 
countries.  It  was  determined,  therefore,  to  broaden  the  scope  of 
the  congress,  making  it  "  Pan-American "  instead  of  "  Latin- Ameri- 
can." The  invitation  issued  by  the  Chilean  Government  met  with 
a  most  cordial  response  in  all  the  Latin-American  countries,  as  well 
as  in  the  United  States. 

In  a  memorandum  submitted  by  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the 
United  States,  the  Hon.  Elihu  Root,  to  the  President,  dated  Decem- 
ber 19,  1907,  the  acceptance  of  the  invitation  of  the  Chilean  Govern- 
ment was  strongly  urged,  and  in  a  special  message  to  Congress,  dated 
December  21,  1907,  the  President  urged  upon  Congress  to  make  pro- 
vision for  the  expenses  of  the  official  delegation. 

(For  text  of  memorandum  and  message,  see  Appendix  A.) 


PAN-AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS.  7 

APPOINTMENT   OF  DELEGATES   FROM   THE   UNITED   STATES ORGANIZA- 
TION   OF   THE    DELEGATION    AND    PRELIMINARY    SESSIONS. 

Under  act  of  Congress  providing  for  representation  from  the  United 
States  the  following  official  delegates  were  appointed : 

Dr.  Hiram  Bingham,  Yale  University. 

Dr.  Archibald  Gary  Coolidge,  Harvard  University. 

Col.  William  C.  Gorgas,  U.  S.  Army. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Dr.  Bernard  Moses,  University  of  California. 

Dr.  Paul  S.  Reinsch,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Mr.  George  M.  Rommel,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Columbia  University. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Smith,  Tulane  University. 

Secretary,  Mr.  Clarence  L.  Hay. 

Assistant  secretary,  Mr.  Charles  G.  Neumann. 

Second  assistant  secretary,  Mr.  Huntington  Smith. 

At  the  organization  meeting  held  in  the  diplomatic  room  of  the 
Department  of  State  on  June  15,  1908,  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe  was  chosen 
chairman  and  Dr.  Paul  S.  Reinsch  vice-chairman  of  the  delegation. 

The  Secretary  of  State,  who  attended  the  organization  meeting, 
stated  that  as  this  was  a  scientific  and  not  a  diplomatic  congress,  the 
Government  had  no  binding  instructions  to  give  to  the  delegates.  He 
stated,  however,  that  there  were  several  matters  that  he  wished  to 
impress  upon  the  delegation. 

REMARKS  OF  HON.  ELIHU  ROOT,  SECRETARY  OF  STATE,  TO  THE  MEM- 
BERS OF  THE  DELEGATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I  am  not  going  to  keep  you  very  long  for  the  errand  on  which  you  are  going  is  scien- 
tific and  not  diplomatic.  There  is  one  aspect  of  it,  however,  that  I  want  to  impress 
on  your  minds.  It  is  that  in  many  ways  the  interests  of  the  United  States  are  very 
much  concerned  in  the  advance  of  the  other  American  countries.  The  advance  of 
knowledge  and  improvement  of  practice  among  them  in  all  sanitary  matters  is  of  great 
practical  importance  to  us.  Closer  cooperation  in  commercial  arrangements,  in  the 
administration  of  the  ports,  of  customs,  and  of  the  machinery  of  trade  intercourse,  is 
of  great  practical  moment.  The  increase  of  the  prosperity  of  all  the  other  American 
countries,  which  gives  them  greater  purchasing  power,  is  of  advantage  to  us.  There 
are  great  differences  in  the  advancement  of  different  American  countries,  and  it  is 
for  the  interest  of  all  of  them  to  have  the  highest  standard,  the  most  complete  ex- 
perience, and  the  greatest  skill  attained  in  any  one,  made  the  common  property  of  all. 
The  congress  to  which  you  are  to  go  will  afford  this  opportunity  largely  because  being 
acongress  of  representatives  of  all  the  countries,  the  conclusions  which  are  reached,  the 
lessons  which  are  learned,  the  things  that  are  said  there  will  go  to  each  country,  not 
as  coming  from  a  schoolmaster,  an  alien  schoolmaster,  whose  dictation  or  assumption 
of  superior  knowledge  would  be  resented,  but  from  a  body  in  which  all  concerned  are 
represented.  Such  a  meeting  affords  an  avenue  of  access  to  the  minds  of  all  the 
peoples  of  all  the  countries  which  can  not  be  obtained  in  any  other  way. 

Many  of  the  matters  that  will  be  discussed,  according  to  the  programme  of  this  con- 
ference, are  matters  which  while  there  discussed  in  their  purely  scientific  aspects, 
will  be  later  discussed  on  the  political  side  before  the  next  Pan-American  conference, 
to  be  held  in  Buenos  Aires  in  1910. 

Now,  of  course,  I  need  not  say  to  you  that  you  ought  not  to  go  to  Santiago  empty- 
handed.  You  should  take  something  there  of  value,  something  which  each  one  of 
y«u  can  contribute  to  the  common  stock  of  knowledge  for  the  benefit  of  all  the  coun- 
tries represented,  and  I  take  it  that  the  principal  thing  to  be  done  by  you  to-day  is 
to  come  to  an  understanding  about  what  each  one  will  do,  the  papers  you  will  pre- 
pare, the  papers  you  will  be  prepared  to  discuss,  the  sections  of  the  congress  to  which 
you  wish  to  attach  yourselves.  As  the  smooth  working  of  the  machinery  which  gets 
you  there  and  a  common  understanding  about  what  each  is  to  do  will  require  that 


8  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

someone  represent  you,  Professor  Howe  has  been  designated  to  act  as  chairman  of  the 
delegation,  and  it  will  be  his  special  function  to  see  that  the  directions  given  by 
the  delegation  shall  be  carried  out.  Mr.  Neumann,  who  is  attached  to  the  legation 
of  the  United  States  at  Santiago,  will  probably  act  as  assistant  secretary. 

You  know,  I  dare  say,  that  there  have  been  a  number  of  these  scientific  congresses 
in  Latin  America,  but  hitherto  they  have  been  exclusively  Latin  American.  For  the 
first  time,  under  the  influence  of  the  new  Pan-American  entente,  an  all- American — 
a  Pan-American — congress  is  to  be  held,  and  it  is  very  desirable  that  we  should  con- 
tribute our  fair  share  and  that  the  work  which  you  do  and  the  associations  which  you 
form  should  contribute  toward  the  establishment  of  permanently  good  relations  and 
continue  the  work  of  doing  away  with  the  misapprehensions,  jealousies,  and  suspicions 
which  have  so  largely  influenced  the  views  entertained  of  this  country  in  some  of  the 
Latin- American  countries.  I  have  no  doubt  that  your  experience  there  will  be  useful 
in  that  direction. 

There  will  be  a  number  of  other  delegates  from  the  United  States  representing  the 
universities  of  the  country.  One  of  the  things  which  you  will  have  to  do  will  be  to 
determine  what  relation  is  to  be  established  with  the  other  American  delegates  to 
the  conference.  My  own  judgment  would  be  that  as  you  go  solely  as  delegates  to  a 
scientific  congress,  where  there  is  no  diplomatic  function  whatever,  you  should  call 
in,  as  far  as  possible,  the  other  delegates  from  the  United  States,  without  any  reference 
as  to  whether  you  go  representing  the  Government  of  the  United  States  or  whether 
you  go  representing  this  or  that  or  the  other  university.  Of  course,  if  you  do  that, 
you  will  form  a  general  organization,  which  will  elect  its  own  officers  and  adopt  its 
own  methods  of  organization,  you  bearing  in  mind  your  relations  to  the  Government 
of  the  United  States. 

I  think  that  this  is  all  I  have  to  say,  except  that  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  answer  any 
questions  that  any  gentleman  desires  to  ask  and  that  I  am  competent  to  answer. 

SESSIONS   OF   THE   DELEGATION   IN   WASHINGTON. 

During  the  meetings  of  the  delegates  held  in  Washington  the  char- 
acter of  the  papers  to  be  presented  was  discussed.  It  was  agreed  that 
the  value  of  such  contributions  would  be  greatly  increased  if  topics 
of  interest  to  all  the  countries  of  the  American  continent  were  selected, 
and  especially  those  in  which  the  accumulated  experience  of  the  United 
States  would  be  of  value.  In  furtherance  of  this  purpose  it  was 
decided  to  invite  the  cooperation  of  American  investigators  especially 
qualified  to  deal  with  such  problems.  To  this  invitation  tne  dele- 
gation received  most  cordial  response. 

The  members  of  the  delegation  from  the  United  States  desire  to  take 
this  opportunity  to  express  their  appreciation  for  the  valuable  coop- 
eration thus  enjoyed.  They  are  under  special  obligations  to  Mr. 
Calvin  W.  Rice,  secretary  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  through  whose  unselfish  efforts  the  delegation  was  able  to 
secure  valuable  papers  from  distinguished  members  of  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  and  the  Amer- 
ican Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers.  The  list  of  papers  contributed 
by  delegates  from  the  United  States,  together  with  those  prepared  by 
persons  whose  cooperation  was  requested  by  the  delegation,  will  be 
found  in  Appendix  B. 

ASSEMBLING   OF   THE  DELEGATION    IN   BUENOS   AIKES. 

The  members  of  the  delegation  from  the  United  States  a  assembled 
in  Buenos  Aires  on  the  10th  of  November,  1908.  Soon  after  their  ar- 
rival the  delegates  were  received  first  by  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 

a  With  the  exception  of  Dr.  Gorgas,  who  went  to  Santiago  via  the  west  coast  of  South 
America. 


PAN-AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  9 

and  later  by  the  President  of  the  Republic.  A  further  audience  was 
accorded  tnem  prior  to  their  departure.  On  the  occasion  of  these 
receptions  both  the  President  of  the  Republic  and  the  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs  expressed  their  gratification  at  the  visit  of  a  group  of 
American  scientists,  which  they  regarded  as  marking  the  beginning 
of  closer  intellectual  relations  between  the  northern  and  the  southern 
sections  of  this  hemisphere.  During  their  stay  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  the  delegates  enjoyed  numerous  courtesies,  not  only  on  the 
part  of  the  Argentine  Government,  but  also  of  the  leaders  in  scientific 
and  university  life. 

A  special  convocation  of  the  National  University  of  La  Plata  was 
held,  at  which  addresses  were  delivered  by  the  eminent  president  of 
the  university,  Dr.  Joaquin  V.  Gonzalez,  and  by  the  chairman  of  the 
delegation.  At  this  session  the  delegates  were  given  an  opportunity 
to  meet  the  members  of  the  various  faculties.  The  delegates  were  also 
received  by  the  medical  faculty,  the  law  faculty,  and  the  faculty  of 
philosophy  and  letters,  of  the  University  of  Buenos  Aires.  A  special 
session  in  their  honor  was  also  held  by  the  Argentine  Society  of 
History  and  Numismatics.  Through  the  courtesy  of  the  mayor  of 
Buenos  Aires  the  members  of  the  delegation  were  given  every  facility 
to  visit  the  public  buildings  and  other  places  of  interest. 

On  the  trip  across  the  Andes  the  delegation  was  shown  every  possi- 
ble courtesy.  The  minister  of  justice  and  public  instruction,  Hon. 
Romulo  S.  Naon,  placed  a  special  car  at  their  disposal.  During  their 
stay  at  Mendoza,  the  governor  of  the  Province,  the  Hon.  Emilio 
Civit,  extended  to  the  delegates  the  freedom  of  the  city  and  placed 
at  their  service  special  guides  and  interpreters  for  the  purpose  of 
visiting  the  places  of  interest  within  the  city  and  in  the  immediate 
suburbs. 

For  these  many  courtesies  the  delegation  herewith  desires  to  express 
its  appreciation,  and  particularly  to  record  its  obligation  to  Dr. 
Agustin  Alvarez,  vice-president  of  the  National  University  of  La 
Plata,  for  the  self-sacrificing  manner  in  which  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  interests  of  the  members  of  the  delegation. 

ASSEMBLING   OF   THE   DELEGATION    IN    SANTIAGO. 

The  majority  of  the  delegation  arrived  in  Santiago  on  the  12th  of 
December,  1908.  They  were  there  joined  by  the  following  delegates 
from  American  universities  and  scientific  associations : 

Dr.  Albert  A.  Michelson,  University  of  Chicago. 

Dr.  J.  L.  Laughlin,  University  of  Chicago. 

Mr.  Orville  A.  Derby,  Cornell  University. 

Dr.  Thomas  Barbour,  Harvard  University. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Wood  worth,  Harvard  University. 

Dr.  A.  Hempel,  University  of  Illinois. 

Dr.  H.  D.  Curtis,  University  of  Michigan. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Hall,  University  of  Minnesota. 

Dr.  W.  F.  Rice,  Northwestern  University. 

Dr.  W.  E.  Browning,  Princeton  University. 

Dr.  D.  E.  Salas,  National  Educational  Association. 

An  organization  was  then  formed,  including  all  delegates  from  the 
United  States.  During  the  days  preceding  the  formal  opening  of  the 
congress  the  delegation  devoted  considerable  time  to  the  considera- 
tion of  certain  questions  submitted  to  it  by  the  Association  of  Ameri- 
can Universities. 


10  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

ORGANIZATION   OF   THE    CONGRESS. 

The  preliminary  session  of  the  congress  for  the  purpose  of  effecting 
an  organization  was  held  on  the  afternoon  of  December  25,  1908,  in 
the  great  hall  of  the  National  University  of  Chile.  This  session  was 
opened  by  a  brief  address  by  the  chairman  of  the  organization  com- 
mittee, Dr.  Valentin  Letelier,  rector  of  the  National  University  of 
Chile.  The  election  of  officers  was  then  proceeded  with.  The  Min- 
ister of  Justice  and  Public  Instruction,  and  the  minister  of  foreign  rela- 
tions of  Chile  were  unanimously  elected  honorary  presidents  of  the 
congress.  It  was  also  voted  to  declare  honorary  presidents  the  dip- 
lomatic representatives  of  American  countries  accredited  to  the  Chil- 
ean Government. 

The  election  of  the  regular  officers  of  the  congress  was  then  pro- 
ceeded with  and  resulted  as  follows: 

President,  His  Excellency,  the  Brazilian  minister,  Dr.  Enrique  Ribeyro  de 

Lisboa. 
First  vice-president,  His  Excellency,  the  Argentine  minister,    Dr.  Lorenzo 

Anadon. 

Second  vice-president,  Dr.  Federico  Surveila  S.  Quash,  delegate  from  Uruguay. 
Third  vice-president,  Dr.  Matias  Manzanilla,  delegate  from  Peru. 

The  following  secretaries  were  also  elected: 

Dr.  Emilio  Fernandez,  delegate  from  Bolivia. 

Dr.  Melchior  Lazo  de  la  Vega,  delegate  from  Panama. 

Dr.  Enrique  Martinez  Sobral,  delegate  from  Mexico. 

The  formal  opening  session  of  the  congress  was  held  on  the  evening 
of  December  25  in  the  Municipal  Theater  of  Santiago  in  the  presence 
of  the  President  of  the  Republic  and  Madame  Montt,  the  ministers  of 
state,  and  the  assembled  diplomatic  corps.  The  delegates  were 
greeted  in  the  name  of  the  President  of  the  Republic  by  the  minister 
of  foreign  affairs,  the  Hon.  Rafael  Balmaceda,  who  spoke  as  follows: 

Delegates  of  the  countries  of  America,  ladies,  and  gentlemen:  I  have  the  honor  to 
greet  you  in  the  name  of  His  Excellency  the  President  of  the  Republic  and  of  the 
Government  of  Chile. 

The  cordial  reception  with  which  the  invitation  of  the  organizing  committee  of  this 
congress  has  been  favored  by  our  sister  republics  is  sufficient  cause  for  congratula- 
tion and  gratitude,  and  it  is  not  less  gratifying  that  the  delegates  have  thus  willingly 
taken  upon  themselves  the  fatigues  and  difficulties  of  a  long  journey  to  gather  in  this 
capital  in  a  grand  communion  of  spirit,  of  study,  and  of  science. 

This  assembly  of  distinguished  citizens  of  the  New  World,  the  knowledge  of  the 
countries  they  have  visited  that  they  carry  to  their  homes,  the  personal  relations 
they  have  fostered  with  the  statesmen  and  men  of  science,  the  noble  purpose  which 
enabled  them  to  gather  in  a  common  and  noble  search  after  truth,  all  this  tends 
to  bind  the  soul  in  a  close  communion  of  eternal  friendship,  to  diffuse  a  sentiment  of 
sincere  fraternity  which  will  show  itself  in  a  better  acquaintance  with  one  another 
and  in  a  more  intimate  and  profitable  community  of  thought  and  action. 

On  many  occasions  have  the  American  nations,  with  an  almost  inspired  vision  of 
the  future,  looked  to  the  union  of  their  interests.  It  is  for  these  great  intellectual 
assemblies  which  study  the  most  difficult  problems  without  prejudice  or  enmity,  to 
stimulate  more  and  more  our  enthusiastic  calls  for  common  culture  and  progress. 

We  sincerely  believe  that  our  energies  work  for  good.  Work  and  study  ennoble 
the  personality  of  nations;  work  dignifies  the  spirit,  and  study  gives  new  vigor  to 
the  perception  of  duty  and  right.  Thus  will  we  be  guided  to  the  solution  of  many 
difficult  problems,  bringing  us  closer  and  closer  to  the  ideals  of  liberty.  Therefore, 
gentlemen,  you  have  come  to  fulfill  in  the  world  of  Columbus  a  very  important  mis- 
sion of  fraternity,  progress,  and  liberty. 

If  our  great  sister,  the  United  States  of  America,  had  the  privilege  of  organizing 
itself  and  acquiring  its  independence  before  the  other  American  nations  were  able  to 
do  so,  if  its  progress,  which  is  due  entirely  to  the  wisdom  of  its  statesmen  and  the  singu- 
lar virtues  of  its  people,  compels  the  admiration  of  the  whole  world,  it  ought  to  be  of 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  11 

special  interest  for  its  delegates  and  for  ourselves  to  study  our  weak  points  and  our 
progress  during  the  century  of  free  and  independent  existence. 

Only  yesterday  we  gathered  in  a  meeting  of  the  nations  which  contributed  within 
its  sphere  of  action  to  the  progress  of  universal  civilization.  Therefore  it  is  of  the 
utmost  importance  that  we  should  study  those  problems  which  are  characteristic  of 
this  continent  and  which  are  included  in  the  programme  of  this  august  assembly. 

The  address  of  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  was  followed  by  a 
brief  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  organization  committee,  Dr. 
Eduardo  Poirier,  which  was  read  by  the  treasurer,  Dr.  Octavio  Maira. 

REPORT   OF   THE    SECRETARY-GENERAL,  DR.  EDUARDO   POIRIER. 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies,  and  gentlemen:  On  but  few  occasions  is  one  permitted  to  say 
that  words  are  of  little  value  where  facts  can  speak  for  themselves.  This  is  the  case, 
however,  on  the  occasion  of  the  assembling  in  this  capital  of  the  Pan-American 
Scientific  Congress.  A  few  words  will  suffice  to  put  before  you  these  facts,  which  are 
all  convincing. 

As  soon  as  the  labors  of  our  organizing  committee  began,  the  call  of  our  country 
received  the  most  complete  indorsement  from  intellectual  and  scientific  America, 
and  we  have  consequently  been  able  to  bring  together  an  assembly  of  great  and  dis- 
guished  men  and  a  group  of  papers  never  surpassed  in  previous  congresses. 

The  statistics  of  such  a  brilliant  success  are  showing  us  that  the  Fourth  Scientific 
Congress  (First  Pan-American)  has  the  singular  honor  of  seeing  here  gathered  65 
official  delegates  and  97  delegates  of  the  universities  and  institutions  of  learning  of 
the  American  republics;  that  145  institutions  have  pledged  their  adherence  to  our 
labors ;  that  there  are  more  than  500  contributors  from  America  and  more  than  a 
thousand  from  Chile.  But  the  most  important  fact,  that  which  goes  furthest  to  show 
our  continental  culture,  the  number  of  papers  announced  in  November  as  477 — 285 
of  which  are  of  this  nation — has  reached  to-day  the  number  of  600. 

The  organizing  committee  presents  these  figures  with  legitimate  pride,  which 
reflect  such  great  honor  on  the  culture  of  this  continent  and  speak  so  eloquently  for 
the  intellectual  discipline  of  the  American  spirit. 

This  was  followed  by  addresses  by  the  chairmen  of  the  various 
delegations. 

(For  abstract  of  address  of  the  chairman  of  the  American  delega- 
tion, see  Appendix  C.) 

SECTIONAL   MEETINGS. 

The  only  general  sessions  were  those  held  at  the  opening  and 
closing  of  the  congress,  namely  on  December  25,  1908,  and  January 
5,  1909.  The  intervening  period  was  occupied  by  sectional  meet- 
ings, of  which  detailed  reports  are  submitted  in  Appendixes  E  to  O, 
inclusive.  At  these  sectional  meetings  the  papers  submitted  by 
delegates  were  discussed,  and,  as  a  rule,  their  conclusions  voted 
upon.  The  members  of  the  delegation  from  the  United  States  feel 
that  this  plan  is  open  to  some  criticism.  While  it  is  within  the  prov- 
ince of  a  scientific  congress  to  vote  on  resolutions  relating  to  the 
promotion  of  scientific  research  and  the  diffusion  of  scientific  knowl- 
edge, it  is  hardly  within  the  scope  of  such  a  congress  to  approve  or 
disapprove  of  the  conclusions  reached  in  every  paper  submitted. 
Furthermore,  the  fact  that  the  conclusions  of  the  sections  are  made 
the  conclusions  of  the  congress,  has  the  additional  disadvantage  of 
committing  persons  who  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  take  part 
in  the  discussions  of  a  section,  to  the  conclusions  of  such  section. 

RESOLUTIONS  OF  A  GENERAL  CHARACTER  ADOPTED  BY  THE  CONGRESS. 

The  most  important  resolutions  adopted  by  the  various  sections 
of  the  congress  are  referred  to  in  the  sectional  reports,  annexed  hereto. 


12  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

In  addition  to  these  sectional  resolutions,  which  at  the  final  session 
were  adopted  by  the  congress  as  a  whole,  two  resolutions  were  made 
the  subject  of  discussion  and  adopted  by  the  assembled  sections  in 
plenary  session.  Both  of  these  relate  to  the  Bureau  of  the  American 
Republics,  and  read  as  follows: 

RESOLUTION   RECOMMENDING  THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OP  A  SECTION  OF  AMERICAN  BIBLI- 
OGRAPHY IN   THE   INTERNATIONAL   BUREAU    OP  THE   AMERICAN    REPUBLICS. 

Recognizing  the  importance  of  establishing  closer  relations  between  investigators 
throughout  the  American  continent  and  of  disseminating  the  results  of  scientific 
investigations,  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  resolves  to  recommend  to  the 
governing  board  of  the  International  Bureau  of  the  American  Republics: 

1.  That  a  special  section  be  established  in  the  International  Bureau  of  the  Amer- 
ican Republics  to  be  known  as  the  "Section  of  American  Bibliography.  " 

2.  That  the  director  of  the  bureau  invite  authors  and  investigators  to  send  their 
publications  to  the  bureau,  on  receipt  of  which  notice  thereof  will  be  published  in  the 
Bulletin,  which  notice  shall  include  at  least  a  brief  summary  of  the  content  of  such 
publication  and  the  price  thereof. 

3.  That  the  bureau  secure  for  investigators  any  such  publications  at  a  price  to  be 
indicated  in  the  Bulletin. 

4.  That  the  bureau  endeavor  as  far  as  practicable  to  secure  official  publications 
for  investigators. 

5.  That  the  bureau  keep  a  record  of  the  published  progress  of  larger  schemes  of 
scientific  investigations  of  Pan- American  bearing;  and  that  it  strive  to  bring  into 
closer  contact  investigators  in  the  same  or  related  fields. 

RESOLUTION  EXTENDING  TO  THE  GOVERNING  BOARD  AND  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  INTER- 
NATIONAL BUREAU  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS  THE  THANKS  OF  THE  PAN- 
AMERICAN  SCIENTIFIC  CONGRESS  FOR  THE  OFFER  OF  COOPERATION. 

Whereas  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  has  received  with  much  satisfac- 
tion the  cordial  message  of  greetings  from  the  Bureau  of  the  American  Republics, 
and  the  kind  offer  of  cooperation,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  formal  thanks  of  the  congress  be  transmitted  to  the  governing 
board  and  director  of  the  bureau,  and  that  it  be  recommended  to  the  members  of 
the  organization  committee  of  the  next  scientific  congress  to  avail  themselves  in 
every  possible  way  of  the  valuable  services  which  the  bureau  can  render. 

At  the  closing  business  session  of  the  congress,  held  on  the  afternoon 
of  January  4,  1909,  it  was  decided  to  hold  the  next  congress  in  Wash- 
ington in  1912.  At  the  preceding  congresses  it  had  been  the  prac- 
tice to  appoint  an  organization  committee  for  the  next  succeeding 
congress.  It  was  suggested,  however,  by  the  delegation  from  the 
United  States  that,  owing  to  the  necessity  of  securing  the  active 
cooperation  of  a  great  number  of  national  organizations,  it  would  be 
well  to  depart  from  this  practice  and  limit  the  action  of  the  Santi- 
ago congress  to  the  appointment  of  a  provisional  committee,  which 
should  take  the  necessary  steps  for  the  formation  of  a  permanent 
organization  committee  in  the  United  States.  The  desirability  of  such 
a  course  was  recognized  by  all  the  delegates  present,  and  as  a  result  of 
this  suggestion  a  provisional  committee  was  appointed,  composed  of 
the  following  members: 

Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  chairman. 

The  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  the  American  Republics. 
The  Commissioner  of  Education  of  the  United  States. 
Mr.  William  H.  Holmes,  Smithsonian  Institution. 
Mr.  George  M.  Rommel,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  functions  of  this  committee  will  cease  as  soon  as  the  permanent 
committee  has  been  appointed. 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  13 

The  decision  to  hold  the  next  congress  in  Washington  places  a 
heavy  responsibility  on  the  national  scientific  associations  of  the 
United  States.  The  Latin-American  countries  will  send  their  lead- 
ing scientists  and  investigators  to  attend  this  congress.  It  is  impor- 
tant, therefore,  that  the  programme  of  the  forthcoming  congress  be 
formulated  with  as  little  delay  as  possible,  in  order  that  special  investi- 
gations may  be  undertaken,  the  results  of  which  may  be  submitted 
to  the  congress  and  made  the  basis  for  the  sectional  discussions. 
Thus  the  Second  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  can  be  made  one 
of  the  most  potent  influences  in  fostering  closer  intellectual  ties 
between  the  northern  and  the  southern  sections  of  the  continent, 
and  in  strengthening  the  feeling  of  continental  solidarity. 

The  Santiago  congress  has  clearly  demonstrated  the  desirability 
of  concentrating  attention  on  a  relatively  restricted  group  of  prob- 
lems. The  adoption  of  this  plan  greatly  increased  the  value  of  the 
discussions.  It  was  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  delegates  that  this 
plan  should  be  carried  one  step  further  at  the  Washington  congress 
of  1912.  If  possible,  the  attention  of  the  sections  should  be  directed 
to  a  small  group  of  problems  of  interest  to  all  the  republics  of  the 
continent.  The  comparison  of  the  results  of  individual  scientific 
investigations  and  the  interchange  of  scientific  opinion  may  thus  be 
made  to  accrue  to  the  benefit  of  all. 

The  final  session  of  the  congress  was  held  on  the  afternoon  of 
Tuesday,  January  5.  At  this  session  the  president  of  the  congress, 
Dr.  Enrique  Ribbjro  de  Lisboa,  delivered  a  brief  address,  in  which 
he  referred  in  terms  of  high  praise  to  the  results  of  the  congress. 

REMARKS   OF  THE   PRESIDENT   OF  THE   CONGRESS,    THE   HON.    ENRIQUE 

RIBEYRO    DE    LISBOA. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  The  scientific  congress  has  to-day  finished  its  labors  and  is 
to  be  congratulated  on  its  success.  Its  labors  have  been  of  two  kinds — one  scientific, 
the  other  of  a  more  social  or  international  bearing.  As  far  as  the  former  is  concerned, 
the  secretary-general  has  just  now  given  a  full  account  of  how  the  delegates,  members 
of  the  nine  sections,  have  worked  together  solving  problems  of  common  interest  to 
the  American  nations  and  expressing  their  ideas  in  regard  to  problems,  the  solution 
of  which  will  bring  the  peoples  of  this  continent  closer  to  one  another. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  enumerate  the  papers  presented  in  these  sections;  they 
will  all  be  published  and  the  civilized  world  will  recognize  the  labors  of  the  delegates 
and  will  appreciate  the  value  and  effect  of  their  studies. 

I  will  now  refer  to  that  part  of  the  congress  to  which  I  attributed  an  international 
character.  This  phase  of  the  work  has  not  appeared  in  the  discussions  of  the  various 
sections,  nor  does  it  appear  in  the  programme  or  record  of  proceedings.  Its  effects 
have,  nevertheless,  saturated  the  atmosphere  of  this  congress  and  have  penetrated 
in  our  minds;  its  conclusions  were  unanimously  adopted  in  the  intimacy  of  our  souls, 
and  its  records  will  be  perpetuated  in  our  hearts.  Everyone  of  you,  gentlemen,  will 
on  your  return  to  your  native  shores  carry  the  conviction  that  we  are  all  brothers  in 
America  and  that  we  came  together  to  work  in  unison  for  the  aggrandizement  of  this 
congress.  You  will  tell  your  fellow-citizens  of  the  harmony  which  reigned  in  our 
deliberations  and  the  cordiality  which  guided  all  our  studies.  You  will  tell  them  that 
the  word  "foreigner"  must  be  stricken  from  the  American  dictionary,  that  our  intel- 
lects and  hearts  form  now  a  perfect  communion,  and  that  spiritual  and  material  differ- 
ences have  disappeared  from  between  us.  There  is  only  one  nationality  from  now 
on  for  our  minds  and  that  nationality  is  "American." 

Gentlemen,  in  our  session  yesterday  we  decided  that  the  next  congress  shall 
be  held  in  Washington  in  the  year  1912.  There,  under  the  banner  of  liberty,  will  this 
congress  continue  its  work  of  civilization,  there  where  useful  science  is  supreme,  where 
the  enlightenment  of  its  citizens  and  resourcefulness  of  its  people  every  day  find  new 


14  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

fields  for  development,  there  we  shall  take  advantage  of  the  lessons  taught  by  a  long 
and  laborious  experience  in  order  to  attain  the  object  of  these  congresses.  Let  us 
prepare,  therefore,  to  carry  with  us  to  the  Second  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress 
all  the  elements  necessary  to  the  betterment  of  our  social  condition. 

To  begin  this  we  can  count  already  on  the  organizing  committee  of  the  future  con- 
gress. We  know  that  that  work  will  be  carried  out  satisfactorily  by  the  committee  of 
which  our  fellow-laborer,  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  forms  a  part.  His  capability  and  the  intelli- 
gent cooperation,  of  which  he  has  given  proof  in  these  sessions,  guarantee  the  success  of 
his  future  labors  for  the  next  scientific  congress,  and  we  all  know  that  it  will  not  be 
less  useful  than  has  been  the  present  for  the  great  work  of  progress  and  of  American 
harmony. 

Gentlemen,  I  ask  you  to  carry  with  you  a  pleasant  memory  of  our  cordial  reunion 
and  to  proclaim  in  your  countries  that  it  is  impossible  now  to  dissolve  our  intellectual 
comimfnion,  which  has  been  sealed  here  under  the  protection  of  the  glorious  Chilean 
banner. 

Let  us  close  the  Fourth  Scientific  Congress — First  Pan-American — with  three  cheers 
for  the  President  of  Chile,  His  Excellency  Don  Pedro  Montt. 

The  main  feature  of  this  session  was  the  address  of  the  Minister  of 
Public  Instruction,  the  Hon.  Eduardo  Suarez  Mujica,  who  spoke  as 
follows : 

REMARKS     OF    THE    MINISTER    OF    JUSTICE    AND    PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
HON.  EDUARDO    SUAREZ   MUJICA. 

YOUR  EXCELLENCY,  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  CONGRESS,  DELEGATES,  LADIES,  AND 
GENTLEMEN:  The  vast  proportions  of  this  congress  having  been  fully  impressed  upon 
us  through  the  publication  of  the  minutes  of  the  different  sessions,  its  social  and  inter- 
national significance  has  made  a  deep  and  lasting  impression.  It  remains  for  the 
Government  to  add  a  few  words  to  point  out  the  importance  of  this  historic  gathering 
and  of  this  fraternal  reunion,  which  in  the  name  of  scientific  investigation  has  brought 
together  the  noble  missionaries  of  American  intellectual  effort. 

America  has  enjoyed  but  a  hundred  years  of  freedom,  a  long  period  for  the  individual, 
but  brief  in  the  life  of  a  nation.  In  this  short  time  the  American  nations  have  through 
a  gigantic  effort  established  their  social  and  civil  organization  after  having  overcome 
the  many  obstacles  in  their  way,  from  revolutionary  convulsions  down  to  ignorance 
and  poverty.  They  have  now  all  enlisted  in  a  friendly  competition  to  reach  the 
highest  intellectual  and  moral  standards.  It  is  on  this  point,  gentlemen,  that  I  want 
to  insist  with  the  pride  of  an  American  on  the  greatest  event  of  our  continental  life. 

During  the  century  of  independent  life,  two  revolutions  have  agitated  America — 
the  revolution  of  the  sword,  which  gave  us  our  liberty  and  allowed  us  to  establish 
our  nationalities,  and  the  revolution  of  ideas,  which  at  the  end  of  a  hundred  years, 
has  now  come  to  strengthen  and  establish  this  other  emancipation,  without  which 
material  life  is  worth  nothing,  the  emancipation  of  our  intellect,  the  emancipation 
of  our  conscience.  During  these  two  revolutions  a  noble  and  sublime  spirit  of  fra- 
ternity has  guided  and  united  the  efforts  of  the  heroic  soldiers  of  progress. 

We  remember  the  great  generals  of  America  hurrying  from  one  country  to  the  other 
to  carry  on  the  great  struggle  of  independence.  Through  that  community  of  effort 
and  sacrifice,  the  chains  were  broken  one  after  another,  and  our  new  countries  entered 
upon  an  independent  life.  Such  was  the  military  revolution. 

With  the  same  faith,  with  the  same  love  for  liberty,  with  the  same  cult  of  the  right, 
with  the  same  sentiments  regarding  what  is  true  and  good,  we  now  see  how  a  century 
later  the  soldiers  of  civilization  and  of  thought  gather  and  unite.  Glorious  leaders 
of  the  armies  of  investigation,  legions  of  soldiers  of  science  have  now  crossed  the 
oceans  and  traversed  the  snow-covered  mountains  to  unite  their  heroic  efforts,  which 
tend  to  affirm  the  no  less  noble  and  useful  independence  of  thought. 

The  spectacle  offered  by  this  mutual  helpfulness  of  the  men  of  science  of  our  con- 
tinent both  moves  and  cheers  the  soul  and  assures  progress  toward  the -highest  stand- 
ards of  civilization. 

As  a  man  and  publicist,  I  must  confess  that  I  was  moved  by  this  vision  of  scientific 
men  journeying  toward  Chile,  from  the  farthest  regions  of  the  continent,  lead  by  the 
delegation  of  the  United  States  as  if  it  were  the  humblest  of  all  these  nations,  and  all  of 
them  coming  full  of  enthusiasm  to  deposit  their  contribution  on  the  altar  of  science. 
I  can  picture  to  myself  the  effect  of  this  great  assembly  on  the  social,  political,  and 
material  commerce  of  these  nations.  It  will  undoubtedly  greatly  diminish  the 
obstacles  to  intercourse  between  the  republics  and  will  open  broader  horizons  to  a 
sincere  friendship  and  community  of  interests.  "Men  are  all  equal  in  the  cradle," 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  15 

said  Victor  Hugo.  A  boy  is  just  like  another  boy,  and  it  is  only  in  adolesence  and 
manhood  that  differences  appear,  due  to  differences  in  environment  and  moral  and 
intellectual  education.  Thus  it  is  with  nations;  while  some  prosper  and  advance 
with  every  year  of  independent  life,  others  take  longer  to  develop  and  organize. 

It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  efforts  of  a  people  in  favor  of  the  development  of  their 
sons  constitute  the  most  important  factor  in  its  own  aggrandizement.  I  recall 
the  graphic  expression  of  President  Garfield:  "The  greatness  of  a  state  must  be 
measured  by  the  number  of  its  schools."  It  is  true  that  the  school  is  the  first  seed 
planted  in  the  great  mass  of  ignorant  and  uncultured  humanity;  it  is  the  first  call  to 
the  awakening  of  intellect  and  places  men  on  the  road  which  guides  them  to  light  and 
prosperity. 

The  efforts  of  the  Government  to  diffuse  science  and  knowledge  in  general  has  been 
lately  greatly  seconded  by  the  interchange  of  ideas  which  in  modern  times  has  charac- 
terized the  expansion  of  science.  The  scientific  congresses  represent  the  most  impor- 
tant factor  in  this  new  tendency.  The  interchange  of  ideas  enlightens  obscure  points, 
removes  prejudices,  and  through  united  efforts  science  may  be  enriched  and  advanced. 
Until  quite  recently  these  manifestations  of  cooperation  were  scarcely  known  in 
Latin  America  and  were  carefully  kept  within  the  limits  of  the  nations.  While  in 
Saxon  America  the  principle  of  cooperation  has  always  been  in  the  foreground,  in 
Latin  America  the  dominant  principle  has  until  quite  recently  been  quite  the  contrary. 

We  should  rejoice,  therefore,  to  be  present  at  the  historic  moment  when  barriers 
are  removed  and  when  America  unites  all  men  of  science  in  the  study  of  the  common 
problems  of  the  American  continent. 

A  Chilean  association  was  formed  some  years  ago,  due  to  the  initiative  of  an 
European,  Mr.  Alfonso  Nogues,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  national  scientific  congresses. 
However  interesting  and  useful  the  sessions  of  such  congresses  may  have  been,  they 
did  not  extend  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Republic,  and  only  enrolled  a  few  foreign 
corresponding  members,  to  which  publications  were  sent.  This  comparatively  small 
beginning,  whose  influence  scarcely  went  beyond  the  limits  of  this  country,  had  its 
effect,  and  some  years  later  the  Argentine  Scientific  Society  successfully  organized 
the  First  Latin-American  Scientific  Congress.  During  the  last  ten  years  four  such 
congresses  have  been  held. 

Delegates,  your  presence  here  to-day  will  be  remembered  in  Chile  for  all  time  to 
come.  The  Chilean  Government  and  people  have  received  you,  if  not  with  the  pomp 
and  splendor  which  you  deserve,  at  least  with  open  hearts  and  with  the  sincere  wish 
that  this  congress  may  have  strengthened  the  ties  that  bind  together  the  nations  of 
America.  The  part  you  have  taken  in  the  Congress  has  been  brilliant  and  has  given 
to  this  assembly  great  scientific  prestige. 

Your  stay  in  Chile  leaves  in  this  country  pleasant  memories  of  sincere  friendships 
and  fraternal  good  feeling,  and  we  hope  that  you  will  always  remember  this  country 
with  sincere  affection.  Your  departure  from  our  shores  is  looked  upon  by  all  Chileans 
with  keen  regret.  I  fulfill  a  personal  duty,  as  well  as  an  obligation  of  the  Chilean  Gov- 
ernment, in  asking  you  to  carry  to  your  respective  countries  the  offer  of  Chile's  friend- 
ship. You  may  rest  assured  that  the  high  esteem  which  you  have  so  richly  deserved 
will  not  be  diminished  in  the  years  to  come. 

The  chairman  of  the  delegation  of  the  United  States  then  expressed 
to  the  assembled  delegates  the  appreciation  of  the  American  delega- 
tion for  the  honor  done  their  country  in  the  designation  of  Washington 
as  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  Second  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress. 

(For  the  abstract  of  this  address,  see  Appendix  D.) 

HOSPITALITY    OF   THE    CHILEAN    PEOPLE. 

The  members  of  the  delegation  desire  to  take  this  opportunity  to 
express  their  appreciation  and  gratitude  for  the  warm-hearted  and 
generous  hospitality  of  the  Chilean  Government  and  of  the  Chilean 
people.  The  cordial  welcome  giyeh  to  each  member  of  the  delegation 
by  the  President  of  the  Republic,  the"  members  of  the  cabinet,  and 
other  officials,  will  long  be  remembered  by  every  member  of  the  dele- 
gation. This  hospitality  was  not  confined,  however,  to  official  circles. 
Every  member  of  the  Chilean  organization  committee  placed  himself 
at  the  service  of  the  delegates  and  in  countless  ways  added  to  the 


16  PAN-AMEKICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

interest  and  pleasantness  of  the  stay  in  Santiago.  It  is  no  exaggera- 
tion to  say  that  every  branch  of  the  public  administration  was  at  the 
service  of  the  delegates,  a  circumstance  which  was  of  special  value  to 
those  who  profited  by  their  stay  in  Chile  to  make  a  study  of  local 
conditions.  The  good  fellowship  that  prevailed  throughout  the  con- 
gress, the  close  ties  formed  between  the  delegates  from  different 
countries,  and  the  plans  for  united  action  which  took  definite  shape 
during  the  congress,  constitute  some  of  the  incidental  and  by  no  means 
least  important  results  of  this  meeting. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  delegation  desires,  in  closing  this  report,  to  express  to  its  sec- 
retaries, Mr.  Clarence  L.  Hay,  Mr.  Charles  G.  Neumann,  and  Mr.  Hunt- 
ington  Smith,  its  thanks  for  their  faithful  and  conscientious  service. 
We  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  obedient  servants, 

L.  S.  KOWE,  Chairman. 
PAUL  S.  REINSCH,  Vice- Chairman. 
HIRAM  BINGHAM. 
ARCHIBALD  CARY  COOLIDGE. 
WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS. 
W.  H.  HOLMES. 
BERNARD  MOSES. 
GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL. 
W.  R.  SHEPHERD. 
W.  B.  SMITH. 
Hon.  PHILANDER  C.  KNOX, 

Secretary  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C. 

APRIL  23,  1909. 


APPENDIXES. 


S.  Doc.  64,  61-1 -2  17 


\ 


APPENDIX  A. 

Message  from  the  President  of  the  United  States  Transmitting  a  Report 
of  the  Secretary  of  State  in  Regard  to  the  Representation  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  in  the  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Con- 
gress to  be  held  at  Santiago,  Chile. 

To  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives: 

I  transmit  herewith  for  the  consideration  of  the  respective  Houses  of  the  Congress 
a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  State  representing  the  appropriateness  of  early  action  in 
order  that  in  response  to  the  invitation  of  the  Government  of  Chile  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  may  be  enabled  fittingly  to  be  represented  at  the  First  Pan- 
American  Scientific  Congress,  to  be  held  at  Santiago,  Chile,  the  first  ten  days  of  Decem- 
ber, 1908. 

The  recommendations  of  this  report  have  my  hearty  approval,  and  I  hope  that  the 
Congress  will  see  fit  to  make  timely  provision  to  enable  the  Government  to  respond 
appropriately  to  the  invitation  of  the  Government  of  Chile  in  the  sending  of  delegates 
to  a  congress  which  can  not  fail  to  be  of  great  interest  and  importance  to  the  govern- 
ments and  peoples  of  all  the  American  Republics. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

THE  WHITE  HOUSE,  December  21,  1907. 


The  PRESIDENT: 

The  Government  of  Chile  has  invited  the  Government  of  the  United  States  to  join 
in  and  to  be  represented  by  delegates  at  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress,  which 
is  to  assemble  under  its  auspices  at  the  capital  city  of  Santiago  during  the  ten  days 
beginning  December  1,  1908.  The  work  of  the  congress  will  comprehend  nine  sec- 
tions, devoted,  respectively,  to  pure  and  applied  mathematics,  physical  sciences, 
natural  sciences,  engineering,  medicine  and  hygiene,  anthropology,  jurisprudence 
and  sociology,  pedagogics,  and  agriculture  and  animal  industry. 

Latin-American  scientific  congresses  were  held  in  1898  at  Buenos  Aires,  in  1901  at 
Montevideo,  and  in  1905  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Growing  out  of  these  previous  conferences 
the  congress  of  1908  will  be  for  the  first  time  pan-American.  It  will  study  and  discuss 
many  great  subjects  in  which  all  the  American  Republics  have  in  common  special 
interests;  and  its  aim  is  to  bring  together  the  best  scientific  thought  of  this  hemisphere 
for  the  scrutiny  of  many  distinctively  American  problems  and  for  an  interchange  of 
experience  and  of  views  which  should  be  of  great  value  to  all  the  nations  concerned. 

It  is  therefore  eminently  appropriate  that  the  United  States  should  be  adequately 
represented  at  this  important  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  and  should 
embrace  this  opportunity  for  cooperation  in  scientific  research  with  the  representa- 
tives of  the  other  American  Republics.  It  is  worthy  of  consideration  that,  in  addition 
to  the  purely  scientific  interests  to  be  subserved  by  such  a  congress  and  in  addition 
to  the  advantages  arising  from  an  interchange  of  thought  and  the  intercourse  of  the 
scientific  men  of  the  American  countries  and  the  good  understanding  and  friendly 
relations  which  will  be  promoted,  there  are  many  specific  relations  arising  from  the 
very  close  intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  many  Latin- American  countries, 
incident  to  our  expanding  trade,  our  extending  investments,  and  the  construction  of 
the  Panama  Canal,  which  make  a  common  understanding  and  free  exchange  of  opinion 
upon  scientific  subjects  of  great  practical  importance. 

To  make  our  representation  possible  I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  that  the  Con- 
gress be  asked  to  appropriate  the  sum  of  $35,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  neces- 
sary, to  enable  the  United  States  to  send  a  number  of  delegates  corresponding  to  the 
number  of  sections  into  which  the  congress  is  to  be  divided^  together  with  a  secretary 
and  disbursing  officer,  and  to  pay  other  necessary  expenses. 

Inasmuch  as  it  is  desired  that  all  communications  or  scientific  works  to  be  presented 
to  the  congress  be  received  before  September  30,  it  is  much  to  be  hoped  that  provision 
for  the  participation  of  this  Government  may  be  made  at  an  early  date  ana  that  the 
appropriation  be  made  immediately  available. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

ELIHU  ROOT. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE, 

Washington,  December  19,  1907. 

19 


APPENDIX  B. 
List  of  Papers  Presented  to  the  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress. 

BY  DELEGATES  OP  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT. 

L.  S.  Howe,  professor  of  political  science,  University  of  Pennsylvania:  1.  " Public 

opinion  as  a  factor  in  our  American  Democracies."     2.  "The   influence  of  city 

environment." 
Paul  S.  Reinsch,  professor  of  political  science,  University  of  Wisconsin:  ''America's 

contributions  to  international  law." 
Hiram  Bingham,  instructor  in  history,  Yale  University:  "A  few  reasons  why  the 

English  colonists  on  achieving  their  independence  became  a  single  nation,  while 

the  Latin- American  colonies  did  not  form  a  federation  or  even  a  confederation." 
Archibald  C.  Coolidge,  professor  of  history,  Harvard  University:  "America  in  the 

Pacific." 
William  C.  Gorgas,  member  Isthmian  Canal  Commission:  "Sanitation  in  the  Tropics, 

with  special  reference  to  malaria  and  yellow  fever." 
W.  H.  Holmes,  Chief  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington, 

D.  C.:  1.  "Origin  of  the  people  of  America."     2.  "Antiquity  of  man  in  America 

according  to  geological  and  anatomical  investigations." 
Bernard  Moses,  professor  of  political  science,  University  of  California:  "The  bases  of 

Spanish  and  English  colonial  civilization  in  America." 

George  M.  Rommel,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Department  of  Agriculture:  1.  "Meth- 
ods of  instruction  in  animal  husbandry  in  the  agricultural  colleges  of  the  United 

States."     2.  "Sanitary  animal  police  in  the  United  States." 
William  R.  Shepherd,  professor  of  history,  Columbia  University:  "The  adaptation 

of  teaching  to  the  American  social  medium." 
William  B.  Smith,  professor  of  philosophy,  Tulane  University:  1.  "New  theories  of 

physical  phenomena."     2.  "Racial  decay." 

BY    UNIVERSITY   DELEGATES. 

W.  F.  Rice,  Northwestern  University:  "Tendencies  in  the  education  of  women 

befitting  the  social  mission  that  she  has  to  perform  in  America." 
Thomas  Barbour,  Harvard  University:  "Recent  studies  in  experimental  evolution." 
H.  D.  Curtis,  University  of  Michigan:  "Astronomical  problems  of   the   southern 

hemisphere"  (3  papers). 

Albert  A.  Michelson,  University  of  Chicago:  "Recent  advances  in  spectroscopy." 
Jay  Backus  Woodworth,  Harvard  University:  "The  Shaler  Memorial  Expedition." 
Christopher  H.  Hall,  University  of  Minnesota:  1.  "Origin  of  American  prairies." 

2.  "Origin  of  Minnesota  iron  ores." 
A.  Lawrence  Laughlin,  University  of  Chicago:  "Gold  and  prices." 

BY  AMERICAN    SCIENTISTS   NOT  PRESENT  AT  THE    CONGRESS. 

William  H.  Burr,  professor  of  civil  engineering,  Columbia  University:  "Concrete 
constructions  for  South  America." 

Dr.  H.  R.  Carter,  Marine-Hospital  Service,  Panama:  "Modern  advancement  in 
tropical  sanitation." 

Dr.  Simon  Flexner,  Director  of  the  Rockefeller  Research  Laboratory:  "Investigations 
in  spinal  meningitis." 

Allen  Hazen,  New  York:  "Supply  of  potable  water." 

Alcee  Fortier,  Tulane  University:  "Some  phases  of  the  early  history  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America . ' ' 

Walter  R.  Ingalls,  editor  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  and  Dr.  R.  W.  Raymond, 
secretary  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers:  "Mineral  Wealth  of  America." 

James  F.  Kemp,  professor  of  geology,  Columbia  University:  "New  geological  doc- 
trines on  subterranean  waters." 

William  Kent,  "Economy  in  fuel." 

20 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  21 

E.  W.  Kemmerer,  professor,  Cornell  University:  "The  establishment  of  a  stable 
currency  in  the  Philippine  Islands." 

Dr.  Charles  E.  Lucke,  director  of  the  department  of  mechanical  engineering,  Columbia 

University:  "Value  of  gas  power." 
Francis  E.  Leupp,  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs:  "Treatment  of  Indian  tribes  in 

the  United  States." 

C.  O.  Mailloux,  New  York:  "Pan-American  terminology." 
Henry  S.  Munroe,  professor  of  mining,  Columbia  University:  "Statistics  of  the  use  of 

nitrate  of  soda  in  the  United  States." 
S.  N.  D.  North,  Director  of  the  Census:  "Uniformity  and  conformity  in  census 

methods." 

F.  H.  Newell,  chief  of  Reclamation  Service,  Department  of  the  Interior:  "Reclaim- 
ing of  arid  lands  in  the  United  States." 

J.  C.  Perry,  Marine-Hospital  Service,  Ancon,  Canal  Zone:  "Plagues:  New  methods 

of  control." 

Roscoe  Pound,  Illinois  Law  Review:  "Unification  of  commercial  law  in  America." 
M.  J.  Rosenau,  director  Hygienic  Laboratory,  Marine-Hospital  Service,  Washington, 

D.  C.:  "Recent  advances  in  the  study  of  typhoid  fever." 
William  M.  Sloane,  Columbia  University:  "Recent  tendencies  in  historical  writing 

in  the  United  States." 

Frank  J.  Sprague,  New  York:  "Electricity  in  railways." 
R.  M.  Dixon:  "Car  lighting  in  America." 

W.  J.  Wilgus,  New  York:  "Plans  and  gauges  of  intercontinental  railways." 
W.  H.  Blauvelt,  New  York:  "Use  of  tertiary  coal  in  general  metallurgy  and  in  the 

manufacture  of  coke." 

Allen  Hazen,  New  York:  "Water  supply  in  cities  and  towns." 
Rudolph  Hering:  "The  supply  of  potable  water." 
Prof.  David  Todd,  Amherst  College:  "Standard  time  system." 


APPENDIX  C. 

Abstract  of  Address  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Delegation  of  the  United  States, 
Dr.  L.  S.  Howe,  at  the  Inaugural  Session,  December  25,  1908. 

YOUR  EXCELLENCY,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  This  congress  possesses  an  historical 
significance  which  it  is  difficult  for  us  to  appreciate  at  the  present  time.  It  marks 
an  epoch  in  the  intellectual  development  of  the  American  Continent. 

Complete  isolation  from  one  another  has  characterized  the  situation  of  the  countries 
of  this  continent.  This  isolation  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  progress. 
The  failure  to  develop  a  spirit  of  intellectual  cooperation  has  resulted  in  a  great  loss 
of  energy  and  has  been  one  of  the  most  serious  obstacles  to  the  solution  of  many  prob- 
lems which  would  long  ago  have  been  solved  had  we  been  able  to  unite  our  energies 
and  profit  by  each  other's  experience.  The  true  scientific  spirit  has  a  far  deeper 
significance  than  the  mere  desire  to  conduct  investigations.  It  can  not  reach  its 
highest  expression  if  there  exist  petty  rivalries  or  jealousies.  For  this  reason,  the 
development  of  the  scientific  spirit  contributes  so  much  to  the  growth  of  a  true  inter- 
national fraternal  spirit.  Vigorous  cooperation  among  the  scientists  of  the  American 
Continent  will  enable  us  to  destroy  the  last  trace  of  the  epoch  in  which  the  words 
''stranger"  and  "enemy"  were  synonymous. 

The  industrial  development  of  the  last  century  offers  lessons  of  much  importance 
to  the  scientific  world.  A  study  of  the  economic  growth  of  modern  countries  clearly 
shows  that  the  principle  of  competition  is  gradually  giving  way  to  the  principle  of 
cooperation.  The  formation  of  trusts,  as  well  as  the  growth  of  trades  unions,  consti- 
tutes the  concrete  expression  of  these  new  tendencies.  The  eighteenth  century  and 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  nineteenth  were  dominated  by  a  spirit  of  individualism. 
For  more  than  four  generations  it  was  taken  for  granted  that  human  progress  i?  de- 
pendent on  the  struggle  for  existence  and  the  conflict  between  individual  and  indi- 
vidual. During  the  nineteenth  century  the  application  of  biological  principles  to 
human  society  strengthened  this  idea.  It  is  the  mission  of  the  twentieth  century  to 
demonstrate  that  we  must  regard  the  principle  of  cooperation  rather  than  that  of  com- 
petition as  the  fundamental  principle  of  social  progress. 

In  this  congress  it  is  our  high  privilege  to  inaugurate  a  new  epoch  giving  concrete 
form  to  the  idea  of  intellectual  cooperation.  In  the  International  Bureau  of  American 
Republics  we  have  a  central  organization  admirably  adapted  to  contribute  toward  the 
realization  of  this  idea.  We  need  such  a  center  in  order  to  place  investigators  in 
different  portions  of  the  American  Continent  in  contact  with  one  another  and  in  order 
that  the  results  of  such  investigations  may  be  made  the  common  property  of  all  the 
nations  of  America. 

In  the  name  of  the  delegation  of  the  United  States  of  America  I  desire  to  express 
our  sincere  thanks  for  this  opportunity  to  take  part  in  the  deliberations  of  this  con- 
gress. No  better  opportunity  could  have  been  offered  to  become  acquainted  with 
our  colleagues  and  fellow-investigators.  The  ties  here  formed  possess  a  significance 
far  deeper  than  the  personal  satisfaction  which  they  imply.  This  visit  can  not  help 
but  enlarge  our  mental  horizon,  broaden  our  scientific  activity,  and  strengthen  the 
influence  of  our  university  instruction.  We  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  privilege 
of  being  present,  and  desire  also  to  express  our  appreciation  of  the  great  service  per- 
formed by  this  Republic  in  giving  such  vigorous  impulse  to  the  spirit  of  scientific 
solidarity. 

22 


APPENDIX  D. 

Abstract  of  Address  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Delegation  of  the  United  States 
at  the  Closing  Session,  January  5,  1909. 

MR.  PRESIDENT,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  The  honor  conferred  upon  my  country 
through  the  designation  of  Washington  as  the  next  meeting  place  of  this  great  assem- 
bly is  the  more  significant  because  of  its  spontaneous  character.  For  this  demon- 
stration of  confidence,  good  will,  and  fraternal  solidarity  I  want  to  thank  you,  not 
only  in  the  name  of  the  delegation  of  the  United  States  of  America,  but  also  on  behalf 
of  that  larger  body  of  scientists  and  investigators  who  are  imbued  with  the  same 
spirit  that  has  actuated  this  congress  and  who  now  look  forward  to  the  privilege  of 
welcoming  to  our  shores  the  men  upon  whose  efforts  the  progress  of  our  American 
civilization  depends.  We  can  not  hope  to  surpass  the  hospitality  of  this  great 
Republic,  but  we  can  assure  you  that  the  welcome  will  be  no  less  sincere  and  the 
determination  to  place  every  possible  facility  at  your  disposal  no  less  effective  than 
has  been  the  case  here  in  Chile. 

Viewed  in  its  proper  perspective,  this  congress  has  been  one  of  the  most  extraor- 
dinary assemblages  of  modern  times;  more  extraordinary  in  many  respects  than 
either  The  Hague  or  the  Pan-American  conferences.  That  a  large  group  of  men, 
representative  of  every  section  of  a  great  continent,  should  be  able  to  get  together 
and,  casting  aside  all  petty  prejudices,  freely  and  frankly  exchange  the  results  of 
their  careful  investigations  and  ripe  experience  is  not  only  a  tribute  to  the  culture 
of  this  continent,  but  is  also  an  indication  of  the  extent  to  which  our  ideas  have 
advanced  beyond  those  which  we  inherited  from  our  European  mother  countries. 

The  fact  that  we  have  met  to  place  the  results  of  the  best  scientific  thought  at  the 
disposal  of  all  the  countries  here  represented,  and  through  them  at  the  service  of  the 
civilized  world,  contains  a  lesson  of  deep  and  lasting  import  which  no  other  assembly 
of  modern  times  has  been  able  so  clearly  to  impress  upon  the  civilized  world. 

The  historian  of  the  intellectual  development  of  the  American  Continent  in  review- 
ing the  work  of  these  assemblies  will  probably  give  to  the  Santiago  congress  the  honor 
of  having  clearly  demonstrated  that  the  Republics  of  the  American  Continent,  because 
of  their  geographical  position,  because  of  the  peculiar  conditions  under  which  they 
were  settled,  and  because  of  the  special  racial  problems  which  they  present,  are  con- 
fronted by  a  series  of  problems  distinctively  American.  The  mere  fact  of  the  existence 
of  these  problems  involves  an  obligation  not  only  to  ourselves  but  to  the  civilized 
world  to  concentrate  our  efforts  upon  their  solution.  Through  their  solution  we  can 
make  that  contribution  to  the  progress  of  mankind  which  the  world  has  the  right  to 
expect  of  us. 

We  can  best  hope  to  do  this  by  carrying  to  pur  respective  countries  the  spirit  that 
has  hovered  over  this  congress — that  of  service  in  its  broadest  and  highest  sense. 
This  spirit  of  service  must  be  made  the  keynote  of  our  national  and  of  our  inter- 
national relations.  The  Republics  of  the  American  Continent  must  demonstrate  to 
the  civilized  world  that  the  willingness  and  determination  to  be  of  service  to  our 
fellow-men  is  the  corner  stone  of  a  philosophy  which  the  nations  of  this  continent  are 
determined  to  make  the  guiding  principle  of  their  conduct. 

I  can  see  a  time,  not  far  distant,  when  with  each  conquest  of  science  the  question 
will  immediately  arise  in  the  mind  of  every  American,  "How  can  these  results  be 
made  of  service  to  the  democracies  of  this  continent?  " — a  time  when  in  every  field  of 
endeavor  the  American  Republics  may  call  upon  one  another  for  counsel  in  the  solu- 
tion of  their  problems  and  be  certain  to  receive  the  best  expert  advice.  Then,  and 
not  till  then,  will  we  have  developed  a  real  continental  spirit;  then,  and  not  till  then, 
will  we  have  fulfilled  the  obligations  which  our  privileged  position  in  the  world's 
affairs  has  placed  upon  us.  I  can  imagine  no  greater  distinction  for  the  next  congress 
than  the  possibility  of  marking  a  further  step  in  the  development  of  this  spirit  of  serv- 
ice and  of  continental  solidarity. 

And  now,  in  closing,  let  me  again  extend  the  thanks  of  the  delegation  of  the  United 
States  of  America  to  you,  the  members  of  the  organizing  committee,  for  your  broad 
grasp  of  the  purposes  of  the  congress  and  the  skill  with  which  these  purposes  have 
been  made  real  and  effective;  to  you,  our  colleagues,  for  your  cordial  reception  of 
newcomers  in  your  midst;  and,  finally,  to  the  Government  and  people  of  Chile  for  the 
warm-hearted  hospitality  which  we  have  enjoyed. 

23 


APPENDIX  E. 
Report  on  Section  1:   Pure  and  Applied  Mathematics,  by  Mr.  H.  D.  Curtis. 

The  representation  of  the  Spanish  language  in  Jahresberichten  and  other  summaries 
of  publications  in  mathematics,  geodesy,  and  astronomy  is  at  present  much  smaller 
than  would  be  expected  from  a  consideration  of  the  proportion  of  the  world's  popula- 
tion which  employs  that  language,  a  disproportion  much  more  marked  than  obtains 
in  such  subjects  as  medicine,  the  political  and  social  sciences,  history,  etc.  For  the 
future  development  and  growth  of  the  mathematical  sciences  in  South  America  there 
is,  moreover,  an  urgent  need  for  the  multiplication  of  treatises  and  text-books  for 
purposes  of  instruction.  In  view  of  the  above  conditions,  the  representation  in  the 
section  of  pure  and  applied  mathematics  must  be  regarded  as  very  encouraging.  On 
the  educational  side  special  reference  should  be  made  to  the  four  published  volumes 
on  algebra,  geometry,  trigonometry,  and  topography,  submitted  by  Padre  Francisco 
Cerro,  S.  J.,  of  Bolivia. 

Geodesy  was  perhaps  better  represented  than  any  other  branch  of  the  mathematical 
sciences.  Of  especial  interest  and  value  were  the  papers  presented  by  Dr.  Luis  Riso- 
patrpn  on  the  cartography  of  the  boundary  between  Chile  and  Argentina,  and  the 
preliminary  magnetic  map  made  by  him  from  the  results  of  the  work  of  the  boundary 
commission. 

The  following  general  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the  section: 

Geophysical  observatories. — The  scientific  congress  recommends  the  establishment  of 
geophysical  observatories  by  the  nations  as  yet  unrepresented  in  this  field. 

Cartographic  surveys. — The  scientific  congress  urges  countries  making  general  carto- 
graphic surveys  to  collect  at  the  same  time  as  complete  magnetic  data  as  may  be 
possible. 

Military  science. — The  scientific  congress  recommends  the  inclusion  of  students  of 
military  science  in  the  next  scientific  congress,  for  which  purpose  there  should  be 
created  a  "section  of  military  and  naval  science." 

Geodesic  triangulations . — The  scientific  congress  urges  upon  the  governments  of 
America  that  such  geodesic  triangulations  as  may  be  undertaken  shall  conform  to  the 
recommendations  of  the  International  Geodetic  Association  in  order  that  these  may  be 
available  in  the  determination  of  the  terrestrial  geode. 

Uniform  scale  for  maps. — Having  in  view  the  benefit  which  will  accrue  to  all  fields 
of  science  from  a  detailed  study  of  the  American  Continent  and  the  appropriateness  of 
carrying  out  such  studies  in  conformity  with  a  definite  scientific  programme,  the 
scientific  congress  recommends  (1)  that  the  maps  of  the  American  governments  be 
published  on  a  scale  not  inferior  to  1 : 1,000,000  and  referred  to  the  meridian  of  Green- 
wich in  accordance  with  the  request  of  the  geographical  congress  of  Berne;  and  (2)  that 
the  geodesic  surveys  being  carried  out  in  America  be  made  to  conform  to  the  rules  of 
the  International  Geodetic  Association,  and  that  as  soon  as  possible  similar  investiga- 
tions be  initiated  in  the  other  South  American  countries,  giving  to  them  an  importance 
commensurate  with  the  extension  of  the  respective  territories  involved. 

Universal  time  system. — A  resolution  submitted  by  Prof.  David  Todd,  of  Amherst 
College,  was  unanimously  adopted: 

Whereas  (1)  in  the  relations  between  the  peoples  of  the  world,  diplomatic,  com- 
mercial, or  other,  a  standard  system  of  time  is  a  common  and  well-recognized  benefit 
to  all;  and  whereas 

(2)  The  world  standard  of  universal  time,  based  on  the  division  of  the  globe  into 
hourly  belts  reckoned  from  a  common  origin,  has  now  been  in  use  with  indisputable 
advantages  since  November  18,  1883,  in  certain  countries;  and  whereas 

(3)  Practically  all  the  European  countries,  Egypt,  South  Africa,   India,  Burma, 
Australia,  Japan,  New  Zealand,  Canada,  the  United  States,  and  other  countries,  have 
already  adopted  this  system  of  universal  time;  and  whereas 

(4)  The  necessary  time  signals  are  now  sent  out  daily,  with  all  essential  accuracy 
and  without  cost,  throughout  the  American  Continent  by  cable  or  wireless  telegraphy: 

Be  it  resolved,  That  the  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  urge  upon  such 
governments  as  may  not  have  taken  this  step  the  adoption  of  the  universal  time  system, 
referred  to  the  meridian  of  Greenwich,  to  be  effective  from  the  1st  of  January,  1910. 

24 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  25 

Division  of  day. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that  the 
various  American  governments  from  the  1st  of  January,  1910,  adopt,  in  their  official 
relations,  the  system  of  enumerating  the  hours  from  0  to  23;  the  hour  0  corresponding  to 
midnight,  mean  time. 

Arc  of  meridian. — Resolved,  that  the  scientific  congress  recommend  to  the  South 
American  Governments  the  holding  of  a  joint  conference  to  arrange  for  the  measure- 
ment of  a  South  American  arc  of  meridian  of  great  length  in  accordance  with  the  reso- 
lutions adopted  by  the  International  Geodesic  Association  and  the  recommendations 
to  this  end  adopted  by  the  geodetic  conference  in  Budapest;  and  that  it  considers  nec- 
essary the  establishment  of  a  central  geodetic  institute  in  this  portion  of  the  continent. 

Review  of  pure  and  applied  mathematics. — The  scientific  congress  deems  advisable 
the  foundation  of  a  South  American  review  of  pure  and  applied  mathematics,  whose 
publications  would  be  limited  to  higher  mathematics,  geodesy,  astronomy,  physics, 
the  technical  applications  of  mathematics,  and  mathematical  bibliography,  and  would 
recommend  that  this  be  placed  under  the  control  of  the  central  geodetic  institute  as 
soon  as  this  may  be  established  in  accordance  with  the  preceding  resolution. 

Appended  to  this  report  is  a  complete  list  of  the  titles  of  all  the  papers  presented  to 
this  section. 

PAPERS    PRESENTED. 

Domingo  V.  Santa  Maria,  Chile:  "Subterranean  waters  of  torrential  rivers.     Experi- 
ences in  Chilean  rivers." 
Luis  Risopatron,  Chile:  "An  endeavor  at  the  magnetic  chart  of  the  Andes  between 

the  parallels  17  and  52." 

Francisco  Jose  Duarte,  Cuba:  "Studies  on  analysis." 
Valentin  Gama,  Mexico:  "Fundamental  principles  of  mechanics." 
Julio  A.  Garavito,  Colombia:  "Critical  study  of  a  scientific  paper." 
Francisco  Diaz  Rivero,  Mexico:  1.  "Questions  arising  out  of  rational  mechanics." 

2.  "Geographic  length  of  Ures  calculated  by  the  occultation  of  stars." 
H.  D.  Curtis,  United  States:  "Astronomical  problems  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere: 

(a)  The  velocity  of  southern  stars  with  inherent  great  movements.     (6)  Double 

southern  stars  discovered  with  the  spectroscope  of  Mill's  expedition." 
Carlos  A.  Hesse,  Chile:  "Plan  of  a  change  of  the  calendar." 
Marcel  Lechaud,  Chile:  "The  duration  of  a  lunar  period — does  it  allow  to  calculate 

the  distance  of  the  moon  to  the  earth  in  the  absence  of  all  other  astronomical  data?  " 
Regino  Guzman,  Mexico:  "Supplying  Guadalajara  with  water.  The  sanitation  and 

drainage  of  the  city." 
Federico  Villareal,  Peru:  "Determination  of  the  place  and  magnitude  of  the  strength 

that  can  be  resisted  by  burdened  poles." 
Francisco  Cerro,  Bolivia:  "Pure  and  applied  mathematics." 
Luis  Risopatron,  Chile:  "Present  state  of  the  mapping  of  America." 
Ernesto  Medina,  Chile:  "Monography  of  the  military  chart  of  Chile." 
Felix  Deinert,  Chile:  "Measuring  of  the  geodesiq  basis  of  Chinigue." 
A.  Knudsen,  Chile:  "Foundation  of  rational  energetics  through  deduction  of  kinetic 

equations  of  pure  energetic  principles  of  Newton." 

Echeagaray  and  Allen,  Mexico:  "A  straight  line  for  the  study  of  geometry." 
Federico  Villareal,  Peru:   "Theory   of  unchangeable  numbers  in  subtraction  and 

addition." 

Adilia  Palacios,  Mexico:  "Use  of  high  mathematics." 
Felipe  Rivera,  Mexico:  "Photography  in  astronomy — History  of  its  development — Its 

special  uses — The  future  of  astronomical  science." 


• 


APPENDIX  F. 

Report  on  Section  2  :  Physical  and  Chemical  Sciences,  by  Dr.  W.  B.  Smith. 

The  work  of  the  section  of  physical  and  chemical  sciences  at  the  First  Pan-American 
Scientific  Congress  was  accomplished  in  five  sessions  of  three  hours  each,  at  which  the 
average  attendance  was  not  less  than  30.  The  discussions  took  a  rather  wide  range, 
as  indicated  by  the  list  of  papers  presented  and  by  the  general  conclusions  attained 
and  recommendations  adopted. 

It  will  be  at  once  observed  that  a  very  large  share  of  attention  was  given  to  matters 
of  practical  science  and  even  of  more  or  less  local  interest.  Thus,  the  subject  of  the 
nitrate  industry,  of  such  vital  import  to  the  commerce  and  development  of  Chile, 
very  naturally  and  properly  bulked  largely  in  the  deliberations  of  the  section.  One 
session  was  devoted  exclusively  to  the  presentation  of  its  various  aspects,  a  session 
marked  by  full  attendance  and  by  lively  participation.  The  matter  of  adulteration 
of  foods,  along  with  related  themes,  was  also  discussed  at  much  length,  particularly 
by  Doctor  Mourgues,  who  exhibited  extensive  tables  of  the  work  done  at  his  institute, 
and  aroused  notable  interest.  The  more  strictly  pedagogical  topic  of  the  proper  aim, 
scope,  and  method  of  instruction  in  physics  and  chemistry,  in  secondary  and  in  higher 
courses,  both  liberal  and  professional,  was  debated  with  more  earnestness  and  at 
greater  length  than  any  other  single  topic  and  developed  sharper  antagonisms  in  the 
ideas  expressed.  The  general  attitude  of  the  section  was  made  sufficiently  clear  in 
the  conclusions  adopted,  and  a  transformation  in  methods  of  instruction,  parallel  to 
that  going  on  so  extensively  in  the  United  States,  may  be  confidently  awaited,  where 
it  is  not  already  in  progress,  in  Latin  America. 

The  more  general  and  theoretic  aspects  of  the  matters  within  the  purview  of  the 
section  were  represented  more  particularly  by  four  papers  offered  by  Professors  Ducci, 
Leguizamon,  Michelson,  and  Smith.  Of  these  the  first  dealt  with  the  new  theories 
of  physical  phenomena,  presenting  a  luminous  historical  sketch  of  the  growth  of  theories 
of  electric  action  from  about  the  year  1833  down  to  the  determinations  (of  Kaufmann 
and  Abraham)  that  ground  experimentally  the  notion  of  the  electric  mass  of  the 
corpuscle.  The  second,  a  work  already  in  print,  on  the  subject  "The  rare  earths," 
exhibited  a  table  in  which  these  were  grouped  in  a  double  series  apparently  affording 
a  striking  exemplification  of  the  periodic  law  (Mendelyeev).  On  the  basis  of  this 
arrangement  Professor  Leguizamon  ventured  to  announce  the  existence  and  general 
properties  of  a  hitherto  undiscovered  element,  which  he  named  in  advance  and  to 
the  search  for  which  he  invited  the  cooperation  of  chemists  interested  in  such  pur- 
suits. The  significance  of  Professor  Leguizamon 's  idea  received  recognition  in  one 
of  the  conclusions. 

The  weighty  memoir  offered  by  Professor  Michelson  on  "  Recent  advances  in  spec- 
troscopy"  followed  out  the  course  of  thought  and  invention  in  that  field  of  research 
down  to  the  present  moment,  indicating  also  the  intellectual  processes  and  mechan- 
ical agencies  by  which  that  savant  had  himself  contributed  so  notably  as  well  as  so 
recently  to  the  perfectionment  of  that  branch  of  exact  science.  The  elaborate  paper 
submitted  by  Professor  Smith  on  "  New  theories  of  physical  phenomena  (The  electronic 
theory — Its  true  scope  from  the  point  of  view  of  physical  speculation),"  a  theme 
proposed  in  these  terms  in  the  original  published  programme  of  the  congress,  formed  by 
singular  chance  a  continuation  of  the  paper  presented  by  Professor  Ducci,  beginning 
where  this  latter  ended  and  expounding  the  corpuscular  theory,  associated  more 
especially  with  the  names  of  Thompson  and  Kaufmann,  in  its  various  bearings,  phy- 
sical, chemical,  astronomic,  biologic,  and  philosophic.  Kindred  communications, 
read  by  title  only  or  in  brief  resume,  dealt  with  "  New  theories  of  electric  phenomena," 
by  Victor  Delfino;  "Determination  of  the  velocity  of  gaseous  molecules,"  by  Marcel 
Lachand;  "Synthesis  of  modern  science,"  by  Alberto  Aldana;  "Morphogeny — Gen- 
eration of  round  bodies,"  etc.  There  was  also  summarized  an  interesting  memoir 
by  Horacio  Damianovich  on  "  Experimental  application  to  biology  of  the  chemical 
physics  of  the  colloids, ' '  a  memoir  illustrated  by  numerous  photographs.  The  subject 
of  wireless  telegraphy,  especially  in  mountainous  regions,  was  treated  briefly  but 
impressively  by  Sefior  Tamayo,  official  delegate  of  Peru. 

26 


PAN-AMERICAN    SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  27 

The  extent  and  variety  of  the  subjects  discussed,  the  sustained  interest  in  the  meet- 
ings, and  the  intimate  knowledge  of  the  matters  in  hand  displayed  by  contributors, 
would  seem  to  argue  well  for  the  future  of  physics  and  chemistry  in  the  countries 
represented. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

(1)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American),  in  the  interest  of  the 
industrial  arts  and  of  progress   in  general,  recommends  to  public  authorities  that 
imposts  affecting  industrial  products  be  laid  upon  the  raw  material  and  not  upon 
the  finished  products. 

(2)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  American 
Governments  the  establishment  of  meteorological  services  that  may  serve  as  the 
foundation  for  the  formation  of  a  Pan-American  meteorological  service,  which  is  like- 
wise recommended. 

(3)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  the  Gov- 
ernments and  the  learned  societies  of  America  the  study  of  the  problems,  theoretical 
and  practical,  that  relate  to  wireless  telegraphy  and  its  use  in  mountainous  regions, 
where  ordinary  telegraphic  communication  is  difficult  to  establish  or  to  maintain. 

(4)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  the  Gov- 
ernments and  the  intellectual  workers  of  this  continent  the  works  and  conventions 
of  the  Brussels  International  Bureau  of  Bibliography,  in  order  to  facilitate  as  much 
as  possible  bibliographic  investigation. 

(5)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  public 
authorities  the  ozonization  of  drinking  water  as  the  best  means  of  sterilizing  it. 

(6)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  declares  that  the  basis  of 
instruction  in  chemistry,  in  secondary  and  in  higher  courses,  should  be  direct  experi- 
mentation by  the  pupil,  and  that  the  time  allotted  thereto  should  not  be  less  than 
half  of  that  which  is  available  for  instruction  in  that  branch.     Accordingly  it  recom- 
mends to  the  Governments  and  to  institutions  of  learning  the  adoption  of  a  method  of 
study  suited  to  the  spirit  of  the  science  and  based  upon  direct  experimentation  by 
the  student. 

(7)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  the  use  of  a 
uniform  chemical  nomenclature,  conformably  to  the  convention  of  Geneva  (1892),  and 
proposes  the  nomination  of  a  Latin- American  commission,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
present  at  the  next  congress  a  joint  study  of  how  to  apply  existing  agreements  most  in 
harmony  with  the  genius  of  the  Castilian  language. 

(8)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  American 
Governments  and  learned  societies  the  adoption  of  the  conclusions  reached  by — 

(a)  The  six  international  congresses  of  applied  chemistry,  especially  in  respect  to 
methods  of  analysis. 

(6)  The  first  international  congress  for  the  suppression  of  adulterations  in  foods  and 
drugs,  assembled  in  Geneva  in  1908. 

(9)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  in  the  inter- 
est of  the  nitrate  industry  that  the  sale  and  purchase  of  its  product  be  based  upon  the 
quantity  of  nitrogen  contained  and  according  to  a  proportional  scale. 

(10)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  the  temper- 
ature of  15°  C.  as  the  standard  for  the  calibration  of  instruments  and  apparatus  used  in 
laboratories  and  industries. 

(11)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  requests  of  governments 
and  institutions  the  creation  of  an  office  of  exchange  and  reference  in  connection  with 
the  principal  libraries  of  American  capitals,  to  which  authors  be  invited  to  send  two 
copies  each  of  all  their  publications.     At  the  same  time  it  suggests  the  creation  in  each 
country  of  a  commission  to  carry  out  this  idea. 

(12)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan- American)  recommends  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  permanent  Pan-American  committee  with  the  following  functions: 

(a)  To  enter  into  relations  with  the  international  committee  of  analysis,  with  the 
directory  of  the  congresses  of  applied  chemistry,  and  with  that  of  the  congresses  for  the 
suppression  of  adulteration  in  foods  and  drugs. 

(6)  To  compile  data  on  methods  of  assay  and  analysis  and  to  make  the  necessary 
tests  of  methods  of  assay  and  analysis  before  proposing  them  for  adoption  in  cases  at  law. 

( c)  To  revise  the  Codex  Alimentarius  Americanus. 

(13)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  the  formation 
of  a  Pan- American  Society  of  Physics  and  Chemistry,  intended  to  unify  the  work  in 
each  country  and  to  present  the  results  of  investigation,  and  at  the  same  time  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  bibliographic  review,  to  serve  as  organ  of  the  society. 

(14)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  govern- 
ments and  institutions  of  learning,  as  a  means  of  promoting  the  industrial  and  intel- 


28  PAN-AMEBICAN  SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS. 

lectual  progress  of  American  nations,  the  foundation  of  independent  institutes  and 
laboratories  of  physics  and  chemistry,  pure  and  applied,  in  all  departments,  which 
shall  be  devoted  to  scientific  study  and  investigation  and  to  the  teaching  and  appli- 
cation of  the  sciences  named. 

(15)  The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American),  in  order  to  give  effect  to 
the  conclusions  numbered  7,  8,  13,  14,  and  eventually  to  any  other  conclusion  of  the 
second  section  (of  physical  and  chemical  sciences),  nominates  the  following  committee: 

Profs.  Arturo  E.  Salazar,  Carlos  Malsch,  Francisco  Lerrat,  Dr.  Luis  E.  Mourgues, 
Profs.  Pablo  Martens,  Belisario  Diaz  Ossa,  Dr.  Jose  Ducci  Kallens. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  committee  to  promote  the  appointment  of  similar  ones 
in  the  other  countries  of  America,  having  recourse  for  this  end  to  the  institutions  and 
delegates  represented  in  this  congress.  It  shall  be  its  further  duty  to  report  to  the 
proper  section  of  the  congress  at  Washington  in  1912,  where  a  committee  shall  be 
named  to  supplant  it. 

RECOMMENDATIONS . 

(1)  The  section  of  physical  and  chemical  sciences  of  the  Fourth  Scientific  Congress 
(First  Pan-American)  recommends  the  study  of  the  conditions  under  which  may  be 
employed  the  method  of  Clayton  for  sterilizing  foods,  especially  the  farinaceous,  taking 
account  of  the  fact  that  in  those  latter  there  seem  to  exist  certain  micro-organisms 
that  should  not  be  destroyed  along  with  the  infectious  germs. 

(2)  The  section  of  physical  and  chemical  sciences  of  the  Fourth  Scientific  Congress 
(First  Pan-American)  calls  the  attention  of  chemists  generally  to  the  existence  of  an 
undiscovered  element  having  the  following  properties: 

It  will  be  an  element  of  the  group  of  rare  earths,  or  with  similar  properties.  Its 
double  sulphate  with  potassium  will  be  soluble.  Its  salts  will  not  give  an  absorption 
spectrum.  Its  oxide  will  have  the  formula  E203.  It  will  have  small  basicity,  like 
Ytterbium  and  Indium.  Its  salts  will  be  colorless.  It  will  be  radio-active  and  in 
higher  degree  than  uranium  and  thorium.  It  may  be  named  Ekaitterbium. 

(3)  The  section  of  physical  and  chemical  sciences  of  the  Pan-American  Scientific 
Congress  recommends  to  physicists  the  experimental  study  of  the  general  law  of  the 
fall  of  bodies  in  the  air,  as  related  both  to  mass  and  surface,  in  view  of  the  important 
connections  between  this  problem  and  that  of  aviation. 

(4)  The  section  of  physical  and  chemical  sciences  of  the  Fourth  Scientific  Congress 
(First  Pan-American)  recommends  to  chemists  the  use  in  their  works  and  memoirs  of 
the  most  appropriate  notation  and  urges  the  proposal,  at  the  next  congress,  of  plans 
for  its  unification. 

PROGRAMME    OF   THE    SECTION    OF   PHYSICAL   AND   CHEMICAL   SCIENCES. 

December  26,  1908. 

W.  B.  Smith:  "New  theories  of  physical  phenomena." 
Alberto  Aldana:  "Synthesis  of  modern  science." 

Marcel  Lachand:  "Determination  of  the  velocity  of  gaseous  molecules." 
Manuel  O.  Tamayo:  "Wireless  telegraphy  in  Peru." 

Horacio  Damianovich:    "Experimental  application  to  biology  of  the  physical  chem- 
istry of  the  colloids." 

J.  L.  Huergo:  " Morphogeny-generation  of  round  bodies." 
Herrero  Ducloux:  "Contribution  to  the  study  of  the  genesis  of  oils,  etc." 
Victor  Delfino:  "New  theory  of  electrical  phenomena." 

December  28,  1908. 

Albert  A.  Michelson:  "Recent  advances  in  spectroscopy." 

Herrero  Ducloux:  "Alkaline  mineral  waters  of  the  Argentine  Republic." 

Horacio  Damianovich:  "Constitution  of  the  albuminoids." 

Alberto  Munich:  "Phenomenon  of  silent  electric  discharge  in  a  cumulus,  registered 

by  photography." 

B.  S.  Urzua:  "Study  of  the  physics  of  the  flight  of  birds,  as  related  to  aerostatics." 
Benjamin  Burela:  "Theories  of  solar  heat." 

Charles  F.  Munroe:  "Statistics  of  the  use  of  nitrate  of  soda  in  the  United  States." 
Diaz  Ossa:  "Electrolysis  of  solutions  of  nitrate  of  sodium." 
Ramon  Gonzalez:  "Analysis  of  the  mineral  waters  of  Urmuri." 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  29 

December  29,  1908. 

Jorje  Magnin:  "On  a  method  of  dosification  of  substances  precipitable  by  virtue  of 

their  densities,  applicable  especially  to  such  as  are  difficult  to  filter." 
Carlos  Malsch:  "  Desirability  of  uniform  methods  of  assaying  and  analysis  in  cases 

at  law." 
Herrero  Ducloux:  "Studies  of  the  supposed  scorias  and  baked  earths  of  the  pampa 

series." 

Martiniano  Leguizamon:  "The  rare  earths." 

Herrero  Ducloux:  "Instruction  in  chemistry  in  the  University  of  La  Plata." 
Diaz  Ossa :  ' '  Instruction  in  chemistry  in  the  lyceums  and  schools  preparatory  to  the 

university." 

Wenceslao  Cordero:  "Correspondence  schools." 

Francisco  Servat:  "Concerning  the  teaching  of  chemistry  in  secondary  schools." 
Jorje  Westmann:  "Chemical  notation  and  nomenclature." 

December  30,  1908. 

Manuel  Pastrana :  ' '  Importance  of  establishing  a  Pan-American  meteorologic  service. ' ' 
Joaquim  Costa  da  Senna:  "Mineral  wealth  of  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil." 
Jorje  Magnin:  "On  the  alteration  of  flour  disinfected  by  Clayton's  method."     "On 

an  apparatus  for  demonstrating  the  absorption  of  gases  by  carbon  or  other  absorbent 

substances,  at  low  temperatures." 

Doctor  Gugliamelli:  "Constitution  of  the  latent  image." 
Delano  y  Oehlmann:  "Spontaneous  explosion  of  powder  dust  at  Batuco." 
Martiniano  Leguizamon:  "Artificial  silk  derived  from  caseine." 

December  31,  1908. 

Diaz  Ossa:  "Improvements  attained  in  the  nitrate  industry." 

Luis  E.  Mourgues:  "On  the  desirability  of  selling  nitrate  by  the  unit  of  nitrogen." 

Francisco  Servat:  "On  a  process  for  determining  nitric  acid,  especially  applicable 

to  assaying  natural  nitrates." 

Lorenzo  Sundt:  "The  formation  of  saltpeter  and  the  accompanying  salts." 
Enrique  Kaempher:." Observations  on  the  nitrate  industry." 

Other  papers  on  the  technique  of  the  nitrate  industry. 

January  2,  1909. 

Guajardo  Amador:  "Codex  Alimentarius." 

Jose  Ducci:  "New  theories  of  physical  phenomena." 

Francisco  Servat:  "The  desirability  of  adopting  uniform  terminology  in  chemical 

nomenclature." 

Luis  E.  Mourgues:  "The  works  of  the  laboratory  Mourgues,  etc." 
Herrero  Ducloux:  " Calorimetric  data  of  Argentine  butter." 
Jose  Grossi:  "The  climate  of  the  coasts  of  Chile." 
Alberto  Larenas:  "Desirability  of  creating  a  faculty  of  pharmacy." 

Several  other  papers  were  presented  by  title  only,  or  in  the  briefest  abstract, 


APPENDIX  G. 

Report  on  Section  3,   Subsection  1:   Anthropology  and  Ethnology  of  the 
American  Races,  by  W.  H.  Holmes. 

Section  3  comprises  the  entire  range  of  the  natural  sciences,  including  anthropology 
and  ethnology.  Seven  sessions  were  held,  and  the  papers,  which  had  been  placed  on 
the  programme  without  classification  as  to  subject-matter,  were  presented  in  the 
'main  in  accordance  with  the  printed  programme.  The  reading  was  concluded  at  the 
meeting  of  January  4.  The  section  was  well  attended,  the  number  present  averaging 
about  30. 

Thirty-two  papers  treating  of  the  American  aborigines  were  listed.  A  few  of  these 
were  not  received  by  the  section,  while  others  were  read  by  title  only.  The  majority 
were  read  in  complete  form  or  in  extended  abstracts,  and  in  a  number  of  cases  interest- 
ing discussion  followed  the  presentation.  A  majority  of  the  papers  dealt  with  special 
and  somewhat  local  phases  of  the  subject,  a  few  only  having  a  general  pan-American 
scope.  Titles  added  during  the  sittings  of  the  section  brought  the  whole  number  of 
papers  up  to  40.  The  list  of  titles  is  as  follows: 
Nicolas  Armentia,  Bolivia:  "The  Mosetenes  Indians  and  their  language.  Tacana, 

art,  vocabulary,  and  exhortations.     Civimeiia  or  Cavina  art  and  vocabulary." 
Alejandro  Caiias  Pinochet,  Chile:  "Studies  of  the  Velichean  language,  with  a  diction- 
ary of  that  language.     Studies  of  the  anthropology  and  ethnology  of  the  primitive 

inhabitants  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego." 

Belisario  Diaz  Romero,  Bolivia:  "The  ruins  of  Tiahuanaco." 
Alfredo  Orrego  Escuti,  Chile:  "Prehistoric  America  ." 
Florentine  Ameghino,  Argentine  Republic:  "Fire-baked  products  of  human  origin 

in  the  neogene  formations  of  the  Argentine  Republic." 
Tomas  Guevara,   Chile:  "Religious  beliefs  of  the  Chilean  aborigines.     American 

Ethnographic  Museums." 

W.  H.  Holmes,  United  States:  "The  peopling  of  America." 
Samuel  A.  Lafone  Quevedo,  Argentine  Republic:  "Argentine  ethnography.     Some 

types  of  Cachaqui  pottery." 
Richard  E.  Latcnam,  Chile:  "A  chapter  in  Chilean  prehistory.     Indigenous  races 

of  the  territory  now  occupied  by  Chile.     Physical  characteristics  of  the  Chilean 

Indians." 
R  Lehmann-Nitsche,  Argentine  Republic:  "Anthropological  studies  of  the  Guayaqui 

Indians.     Anthropological   studies   of  the   Chiriguanos,    Chorotes,    Matacos,    and 

Tobas  Indians." 

Antonio  Lorena,  Peru:  "On  the  anthropology  of  the  Cuzco  region." 
Francisco  P.  Moreno,  Argentine  Republic:  "The  land  and  man  in  the  extreme  south 

of  America." 
Feliz  Outes,  Argentine  Republic:  "Discovery  of  Mexican  pottery  in  the  Province 

of  Buenos  Aires.     Study  of  the  supposed  artificially  baked  earths  of  pampean  for- 
mation of  Argentine." 

Arturo  Posnansky,  Bolivia:  "Races  and  monuments  of  the  Andean  plateaus. " 
Carlos  E.  Porter,  Chile:  "Bibliography  of  Chilean  anthropology  and  ethnology. " 
P.  Flores,  Chile:  "On  the  study  of  folklore." 
Pablo  Patron,  Peru:  "The  Allentine  language." 
Jose  Miguel  Barriga,  Chile:  "Origin  of  the  Araucanian  language." 
Souza  Brito,  Brazil:  "Anthropology  and  ethnology  of  the  American  races.     The  man 

of  America  according  to  geologic  and  anatomic  investigation." 
Max  Uhle,  Peru:  "The  sphere  of  influence  of  the  land  of  the  Incas." 
Luis  Vergara  Flores,  Chile:  "Artificial  deformation  of  the  crania  of  Quillagua  and 

neighboring  districts." 
Doctor  Tamayo,  Peru:  "On  the  publication  of  manuscripts  existing  in  the  Museum 

of  Madrid." 
Doctor  Aichel,  Chile:  "The  influence -of  the  Incas  in  Chile." 

30 


PAN-AMERICAN    SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  31 

Six  papers  relating  to  the  American  race  which  were  presented  in  other  sections  as 

follows: 

Victor  A.  Belaude:  "Excursions  of  the  Incas  into  the  Amazonian  region." 

Jos6  Toribio  Medina,  Chile:  "The  press  in  Guatemala  from  its  beginning  to  1821." 

Alcee  Fortier:  "Some  phases  of  the  primitive  history  of  Mexico  and  Central  America." 

J.  C.  Tello,  Peru:  "Did  syphilis  exist  in  old  Peru?" 

Francis  E.  Leupp,  United  States:  "The  treatment  of  the  Indian  tribes  in  the  United 

States." 

Rafael  Uribe  y  Uribe,  Colombia:  "Indian  territories." 
Rodolfo  Lenz,  Chile:  "On  the  Mapuche  language." 
Aureliano  Oyarzun,  Chile:  "Artificial  shell  deposits  of  Melipilla  and  Cartagena." 

It  is  apparent  from  a  consideration  of  the  long  list  of  contributions  that  the  study 
of  the  aboriginal  tribes  and  their  culture,  ancient  and  recent,  is  receiving  much  atten- 
tion in  South  America,  although  the  work  is  in  a  large  degree  sporadic.  With  few 
exceptions  investigations  have  been  undertaken  by  individual  students  unsupported 
by  government  or  by  institutions  of  learning.  Argentina  alone  has  provided  liberally 
for  systematic  research  and  the  publication  of  results. 

Individual  enterprise,  although  worthy  of  the  highest  commendation,  can  not  be 
expected  to  cover  successfully  so  vast  a  field.  Well  organized  and  correlated  explora- 
tions are  required,  and  the  responsibility  lies  at  the  door  of  the  various  national  gov- 
ernments and  of  our  great  institutions  of  learning.  One  of  the  four  great  races  of  man- 
kind is  rapidly  disappearing  from  the  face  of  the  continent,  which  but  recently  was 
wholly  its  own,  and  unless  vigorous  measures  are  taken  it  will  have  vanished  along  with 
its  interesting  culture,  its  languages,  religions,  social  systems,  and  arts,  without  ade- 
quate record.  The  failure  to  preserve  such  a  record  for  the  benefit  of  history  and 
science  will  be  grievously  lamented  by  future  generations. 

A  resolution  was  passed  by  the  section  memorializing  the  Chilean  Congress  regard- 
ing the  need  of  making  adequate  provision  for  the  prosecution  of  investigations  in 
American  ethnology  and  archaeology  and  for  the  upbuilding  of  museums. 

The  subsection  of  American  history,  prehistoric  epoch,  section  7,  was  merged  into 
the  section  of  anthropology  and  ethnology. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Phonetic  spelling. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress,  in  view  of  the  great  peda- 
gogical advantages  which  would  accrue  from  the  adoption  of  a  definite  system  of  pho- 
netic spelling  which  may  be  applied  to  all  languages,  recommends  that  an  international 
phonetic  conference  be  called  in  order  that  the  best  authorities  in  the  matter  of  pho- 
netics may  attend  as  delegates  from  the  various  governments  and  establish  by  common 
accord  a  universal  phonetic  spelling. 

Ethnological  museums.  -The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  agrees: 

(1)  To  recommend  to  the  governments  of  the  American  republics  the  desirability  of 
building  in  each  geographic  zone,  ethnological  museums  in  order  that  the  existing 
archaeological  material  may  be  increased  and  that  the  investigations  in  this  field  be 
encouraged. 

(2)  To  solicit  from  the  governments  of  these  republics  the  adoption  of  the  resolution 
agreed  upon  by  the  scientific  congress  at  Montevideo  in  which  it  is  urged  that  the 
objects  of  ethnologic    value  found   in   old    cemeteries,    etc.,   be  declared   public 
property. 

(3)  To  recommend  to  these  governments  to  regulate  the  manner  in  which  excava- 
tions may  be  made,  so  that  they  may  be  made  only  by  persons  with  proper  authority. 

Study  of  anthropology. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  the 
adoption  of  the  following  steps  in  order  that  the  study  of  anthropology  may  be 
furthered : 

(1)  The  founding  of  a  chair  of  anthropology  in  the  universities  where  such  chair 
does  not  yet  exist. 

(2)  Elementary  studies  of  anthropology  should  be  added  to  the  study  of  natural 
sciences  in  secondary  schools. 

(3)  An  office  of  anthropological  measurements  should  be  established  in  every  school, 
and  the  data  obtained  should  be  published  periodically. 


APPENDIX  H. 

Report  on   Section  3,  Subsections  2  and  3 ;  Zoology  and  Botany,  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Barbour  and  Dr.  Adolph  Hempel. 

REPORT    BY   DR.  THOMAS    BARBOUR. 

The  meetings  of  section  3  were  rather  disappointing,  owing  to  the  extremely  hetero- 
geneous mass  of  subject-matter  which  was  presented.  Three  separate  divisions  should 
have  been  established,  holding  individual  sessions,  (1)  biology,  (2)  ethnology  and 
anthropology,  (3)  geology.  The  attendance  was  generally  good,  but,  of  course,  em- 
braced only  a  few  persons  interested  in  each  of  the  several  subjects.  The  discussion 
was  often  illuminating  and  not  infrequently  violent. 

Twenty  persons  offered  papers,  but  many  were  absent  and  in  several  cases  no  abstracts 
or  notes  of  any  sort  were  communicated.  No  one  of  the  papers  merited  special  atten- 
tion, and  in  general  in  biology  little  original  material  was  presented.  Perhaps  from 
this  category  it  would  be  well  to  single  out  the  notes  of  Doctor  Lisson  (of  Peru),  who 
would  probably  have  presented  a  very  interesting  paper  had  he  not  been  greatly 
handicapped  by  the  constant  hostility  of  the  president  for  the  day  (Doctor  Holmberg, 
of  Argentina).  Unfortunately  Doctor  Spegazinni  (of  Argentina)  had  but  a  short  time 
to  give  a  resum6  of  his  widely  known  studies  on  a  family  of  fungi  which  are  insect 
parasites  (the  Laboul  beniacese).  Appended  will  be  found  a  list  of  the  titles  in  biology, 
with  a  short  note  stating  how  each  was  presented. 

PAPERS   PRESENTED. 

Juan  Bautista  de  Lacerda,  Brazil:  "Physiologic  study  of  several  toxic  plants  of 
Brazil.  Study  on  the  composition  of  the  curare."  (Absent;  paper  not  read.) 

Eugenio  Antran,  Argentine  Republic:  "  Resultatsbotaniques  des  Commissions  de 
limites  Chileno-argentine,  en  1903,  sous  les  ordres  du  major  Thomas  Holdich." 
(Author  absent;  the  work  was  exhibited  to  the  section,  but  none  of  it  was  read.) 

Barbose  Rodriguez,  Brazil:  "Botanic,  historic,  and  physiologic  study  on  the  curare." 
(Author  absent;  no  abstract  sent  in  for  presentation.) 

Carlos  Bruch,  Argentine  Republic:  "Metamorphosis  and  biology  of  Argentine  cole- 
opterse.  New  and  little  known  Longicorniae."  (No  abstract.) 

Luis  Castillo,  Chile:  "Contribution  to  the  biologic  study  of  Chilean  fish."  (Author 
absent;  no  abstract.) 

Amador  Guajardo,  Chile:  " Useful  plants  in  Chile. "     (Read  in  full.) 

Angel  Gallardo,  Argentine  Republic:  "  Bipolarity  of  the  cellular  division."  (Author 
absent,  but  abstract  read.) 

Maduene  D.  Guituerrez,  Peru:  "Monograph  on  the  Vicuna."  (Monograph  pre- 
sented, but  not  read.) 

Cristobal  M.  Hicken,  Argentine  Republic:  "Catalogue  of  the  Argentine  polypodaceae." 
(Abstract  read  by  author.) 

Carlos  J.  Lisson,  Peru:  See  Doctor  Woodworth's  report. 

Miguel  Lillo,  Argentine  Republic:  "Argentine  enforbiaceae. "     (Paper  withdrawn.) 

Carlos  E.  Porter,  Chile:  "  (1)  Studies  on  some  Chilean  antrppodi,  the  Miriopodi,  the 
Crustacese,  and  Alecranes;  (2)  The  traqueae  of  the  Acanthinodera ;  (3)  bibliography 
(Chilean)  on  anthropology  and  ethnology;  (4)  catalogue  and  bibliography  of  the 
Coecidi  of  Chile. "  (Nos.  1  and  3  were  read  in  abstract  and  explained  by  the  author, 
who  was  secretary  of  section.) 

A.  Raffray,  Argentines  Republic:  "Pselapidse  of  the  Argentine  Republic  and  descrip- 
tion of  new  species. "  (Author  absent;  no  abstract  sent  in.) 

Carlos  Reed,  Argentine  Republic:  "Applied  entomology  in  Chile.  Applied  orni- 
thology. Lepidopteri  of  the  gendre  Thanatopsyche  in  Chile,  and  those  of  the 
gendre  Osceticus  in  Mendoza,  their  relation  to  agriculture."  (Author  absent;  no 
abstract  sent  in.) 

Juan  Jose  Rodriguez  L.,  Guatemala:  "(1)  Catalogue  of  the  miriopidae  of  Guatemala; 
(2)  notes  on  the  influence  of  the  climate  on  plants  and  animals;  (3)  catalogue  of 
the  reptiles  and  Batraciae  in  Guatemala;  (4)  brief  notes  and  biologic  observations; 
(5)  catalogue  of  Mamiferi  in  Guatemala, "•  (Author  absent;  no  abstract  sent  in.) 

32 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  33 

REPORT    BY   DR.    ADOLPH   HEMPEL. 

The  following  three  papers  were  on  the  programme  of  this  subsection: 
Senor  Tonnelier,  Argentine  Republic:  "A  contribution  to  the  study  of  the  means  of 

combating  the  rust  of  wheat." 
J.   M.  Huergo,   Argentine    Republic:    "The  Diaspis  pentagona  in  the  Argentine 

Republic." 
Carlos  E.  Porter,  Chile:  ' ' Entomologia  agricola."     (This  latter  paper,  however,  was 

not  presented  at  any  of  the  meetings  of  the  section.) 

The  paper  by  Senor  Tonnelier  discussed  the  presence  of  wheat  rust  in  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  also  gave  a  general  discussion  of  the  methods  employed  in  lessening 
the  spread  of  this  disease. 

The  paper  by  Senor  J.  M.  Huergo  on  Aulacaspis  pentagcfha  was  presented  in  printed 
form,  and  was  practically  a  monograph  of  this  species  of  Coccidse.  The  author 
describes  the  female,  male,  and  young,  and  discusses  its  distribution  in  the  Argen- 
tine Republic.  It  is  apparently  spreading  rapidly  and  is  especially  harmful  to  the 
peach  trees,  although  it  also  occurs  on  many  other  plants.  Natural  parasites  were  also 
discussed  and  described. 

Finally,  the  author  describes  the  different  methods  of  combating  this  insect  and 
points  out  that  the  salt,  lime,  and  sulphur  wash  and  the  hydrocyanic-gas  treatment 
have  given  best  results. 

In  this  connection  it  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  the  Argentine  Government  has 
offered  a  reward  of  50,000  pesos  to  anyone  who  can  present  a  method,  practical,  easy 
of  application,  and  efficacious  in  exterminating  this  insect. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Conservation  of  forests. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  expresses  its  desire 
that  the  American  Governments  enact  laws  prohibiting  the  destruction  of  forests 
and  laws  to  regulate  the  planting  of  trees  throughout  their  territories,  and  the  con- 
gress also  recommends  that  for  this  purpose  the  waters  now  lost  in  marshy  grounds  be 
utilized. 

Medical  flora. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  the  desirability 
of  studying  the  medical  flora  of  each  country  and  of  making  a  chemical  analysis  of  the 
most  important  species,  especially  of  those  which  possess  toxic  qualities. 

Works  of  Ruiz  and  Pavon. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to 
the  South  American  scientific  institutions  which  devote  themselves  to  the  study  of 
natural  sciences  the  appointment  of  an  executive  committee  to  study  the  works  of 
the  great  botanists  Ruiz  and  Pavon.  These  works  are  deposited  in  the  museums  of 
Madrid.  If  they  should  be  deemed  worthy  of  publication,  this  committee  should 
be  empowered  to  proceed  with  such  publication. 

Cooperation  of  libraries. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  expresses  its  desire 
that  all  the  libraries  continue  to  publish  complete  catalogues,  adding  annual  or 
monthly  supplements  when  needed. 

The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  the  establishment  of  a  bureau 
of  exchange  and  consultation  among  scientists,  such  a  bureau  to  form  an  annex  to  the 
libraries  in  the  capitals  of  the  different  countries  of  this  continent.  This  bureau 
should  be  the  means  of  encouraging  the  cooperation  of  scientists  and  would  give  a 
more  practical  and  permanent  character  to  the  labors  of  the  Pan-American  Scientific 
Congress. 

Adoption  of  these  conclusions. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  expresses  its 
desire  that  all  the  delegates  and  members  of  this  congress  endeavor  to  have  the  con- 
clusions adopted  put  into  practice  in  their  respective  countries.  These  endeavors 
are  to  be  made  independently  of  the  direct  negotiations  between  the  various  govern- 
ments. 

S.  Doc.  64,  61-1 3 


APPENDIX  I. 

Report  on  Sections,  Subsection  4:  Geology  and  Belated  Subjects,  by  Dr. 

J.  B.  Woodworth. 

More  than  two  score  papers  of  a  geological,  mineralogical,  paleontological,  or  geo- 
graphical character  were  presented  to  the  section  of  natural  sciences.  These, 
together  with  others  given  in  the  sections  of  physics  and  engineering,  are  listed  below. 
Several  papers  of  an  archaeological  nature,  in  which  the  evidence  of  the  antiquity  of 
man  on  the  continent  of  South  America  concerns  geological  formations,  were  also  brought 
before  the  section,  but  these  papers  are  not  listed  here.  The  time  taken  for  the  read- 
ing of  papers  in  abstract  and  the  discussions  which  ensued  would  seem  to  warrant  in 
future  meetings  of  the  congress  provision  for  a  separate  section  for  geology  and  cog- 
nate subjects. 

The  broad  heading  of  general  geology  includes  quite  one-half  of  the  papers  read  or 
presented  by  title.  Of  paleontology  proper,  there  was  1  communication;  mineralogy, 
3;  petrography,  none;  economic  geology,  5;  physical  geography,  1;  mineral  waters, 
1;  bibliography,  1.  While  this  numerical  analysis  has  no  value  as  an  indication  of 
the  relative  importance  attached  to  these  subjects  in  Latin-America,  it  may  serve  to 
enforce  the  attention  of  those  concerned  in  the  preparation  of  advanced  students  in 
these  several  subjects  upon  the  fact  that  a  vast  and  almost  untouched  field  of  research 
lies  before  the  geomorphologist  and  petrographer  in  South  America.  Properly  pre- 
pared graduates  of  colleges  and  universities  seeking  fields  for  fruitful  research  as  a 
basis  for  doctorate  theses  might  well  seek  problems  in  those  South  American  states, 
where  as  yet  no  official  organizations  for  the  survey  of  the  geological  structure  and 
mineralogical  resources  have  been  established.  Such  theses  prepared  with  due 
consideration  for  the  advancement  of  science  in  these  countries  and,  where  economic 
advantages  arise  from  the  investigations,  made  with  the  welfare  of  the  state  in  mind 
could  not  but  serve  to  strengthen  the  belief  in  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the 
cultivation  of  pure  science. 

The  sole  resolution  of  interest  to  geologists  and  paleontologists  which  was  proposed 
concerned  the  publication  of  a  Pan-American  paleontology  essentially  on  the  plan  of 
Paleontologia  Universalis.  In  the  discussion  of  this  proposal  the  apparent  impracti- 
cability and  insufficiency  of  the  measure  were  pointed  out.  Probably  the  object  of  the 
proposer  could  be  partially  accomplished  if  North  American  investigators  should  take 
pains  to  exchange  more  freely  their  publications  in  paleontology  with  fellow-workers 
in  South  American  institutions.  With  this  end  in  view,  Boehm's  Kalender  fur 
Geologen  and  Paleontologen  should  be  consulted  for  names  and  addresses,  and  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington  should  be  consulted  concerning  the  franking 
of  scientific  printed  matter  to  foreign  countries. 

PAPERS    PRESENTED. 

Jose  Balto,  Peru:  1.  " Geologic  bibliography  of  Peru."  a    2.  "Coal  in  Peru."  « 
Nicolas  Besio  Moreno,  Argentine  Republic:  "The  Argentine  pamposia."  & 
Joaquim  Costa  da  Senna,  Brazil:  "Mineral  resources  of  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes."  o 
Florentine  Ameghino,  Argentine  Republic:  "Piric  products  of  antropic  origin  in  the 

neogene  formations  of  the  Argentine  Republic. "  & 

Orville  A.  Derby,  United  States:  "Some  points  in  the  geology  of  Brazil."  & 
Christopher  W.   Hall,  United  States:   1.    "Notes  on  the  origin  of  the    American 

Prairies.  "6 

2.  "The  origin  of  the  Minnesota  iron  ores."  & 
Enrique  Herrera  D.,   Argentine  Republic:   1.    "Meteoric  iron  in  the  Puerta  de 

Arauco."0 

2.  "Mineral  waters  of  the  Argentine  Republic. "  a 

James  F.  Kemp,  United  States:  "New  geologic  doctrines  on  subterranean  waters. "« 
Professor  Berkle,  Costa  Rica:  "The  phy to-geographic  region  of  Costa  Rica. "a 
Carlos  J.  Lisson,  Peru:  "Contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  some  ammonites  of  Peru."« 
Codazi  Viera,  Columbia:  1.  "Radioactive  minerals  of  the  Andes  of  Colombia."0 

2.  "  Comparative  studies  of  the  regions  of  Muzo  and  Capaquira. " 

a  Presented  by  title.  &  Read. 

34 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  35 

Miguel  R.  Machado,  Chile:  1.  " Earthquakes  in  Chile  and  study  of  the  rocks  near 

which  the  earthquakes  are  felt  more  intensely. "    2 .  "  Seismic  rocks. ' ' 
Miguel  R.  Machado,  Chile:  "Petroleum  in  Chile." 
R.  W.  Raymond,  United  States:  "Mineral  wealth  of  America."  a 
F.  Reichert,  Argentine  Republic:  "  Geographic  -geologic  notes  on  the  high  Andes." 
Lorenzo  Sundt,  Chile:  1.  "Origin  of  Chilean  nitrate  of  soda  and  the  salts  that  are 

found  with  it."     2.  "Twelve  geological  profiles  of  the  desert  of  Atacama." 
Jay  Backus  Woodworth,  United  States :  ' '  The  Shaler  memorial  expedition  to  Brazil."  & 

In  other  sections  (engineering] . 

Francisco  P.  Moreno,  Argentine  Republic:  "Data  for  the  geological  plan  of  the 

Province  of  Buenos  Aires." 
Carlos  Velarde,  Peru:  "Notes  on  Peruvian  mining." 

Physics. 

Sauza  M.  Gutierrez:  "A  point  of  view  on  earthquakes." 

Miguel  Machado:  1.  "Earthquakes  in  Chile."     2.  "Petroleum  in  Chile." 

The  following  conclusion  was  adopted  in  this  subsection:  The  Pan-American 
Scientific  Congress  expresses  its  desire  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  organize 
and  direct  the  publication  in  several  languages  of  the  Pan-American  paleontology. 
This  publication  will  adopt  the  same  general  plan  as  the  "  Paleontologia  Universalis." 

a  Presented  by  title.  &  Read. 


APPENDIX  J. 

Report  on  Section  4:  Engineering,  by  Mr.  H.  D.  Curtis. 

The  representation  in  the  section  of  engineering  was  large  and  the  sessions  were 
marked  by  their  practical  businesslike  character.  By  far  the  larger  portion  of  the 
papers  presented  were  studies  by  practical  men,  actually  engaged  at  present  in  the 
carrying  out  of  extensive  engineering  projects,  the  work  of  the  section  as  a  whole 
affording  an  excellent  resume  of  present  engineering  activity  in  South  America. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  engineer  from  the  United  States  was  present  as  a  delegate, 
though  this  deficiency;  was  in  part  made  up  by  the  willing  cooperation  of  the  American 
engineering  societies  in  sending  down  a  number  of  valuable  papers  by  men  of  high 
rank  in  their  respective  fields  of  engineering  science.  In  this  section  Argentina 
undoubtedly  had  the  strongest  representation,  presenting,  through  engineers  in 
private  practice  or  through  the  representatives  of  the  Argentine  ministry  of  public 
works,  some  twenty  papers. 

While  the  papers  presented  cover  many  of  the  fields  of  engineering,  hydraulic 
engineering  and  irrigation  were  especially  emphasized,  as  this  is  naturally  the  depart- 
ment at  present  of  most  vital  interest  to  the  region  of  South  America  lying  in  the 
south  temperate  zone.  Special  mention  should  be  made  here  of  the  papers  presented 
by  Senor  Carlos  Wauters,  and  the  extended  memoir  on  irrigation  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  (Vol.  I)  presented  by  Senor  F.  A.  Soldano.  Sanitary  engineering  was 
represented  by  several  valuable  papers,  of  which  perhaps  the  most  extensive  were 
the  two  volumes  dealing  with  the  new  sewerage  system  of  the  city  of  Santiago,  now 
nearly  completed,  by  Senores  Alejandro  Bertrand  and  Gerard  van  M.  Broekman. 
This  subject  was  discussed  by  Senor  R.  Salas  Edwards. 

A  subject  of  great  interest  to  Chile,  the  best  methods  of  building  in  localities  sub- 
ject to  earthquakes,  was  well  handled  in  two  papers  by  Senores  E.  P.  Correa  and 
Domingo  Selva. 

Reenforced  concrete  construction  was  represented  by  two  papers,  one  by  Senor 
F.  Schilbash,  of  Argentina,  and  the  other  by  Mr.  William  H.  Burr,  of  the  United 
States.  The  latter  paper  outlined  the  most  approved  modern  methods  of  construc- 
tion in  reenforced  concrete,  and  closed  with  an  extended  mathematical  discussion 
of  the  strains  existing  in  such  compound  beams,  with  general  considerations  as  to 
their  design  and  with  special  reference  to  economy  in  the  construction  of  the  retain- 
ing molds  or  forms. 

Two  papers  by  Senor  Santiago  Marin  Vicuna  and  Mr.  W.  J.  Wilgus  were  of  con- 
siderable interest  in  their  bearing  on  a  possible  future  intercontinental  railroad. 
Both  of  these  papers  dealt  statistically  with  the  percentages  at  present  in  use  of  the 
different  railway  gauges,  calling  attention  to  the  great  losses  arising  in  countries 
without  uniform  gauge  and  the  unification  of  gauge  now  practically  universal  in  the 
United  States,  with  a  plea  for  cooperation  and  unification  in  the  gauges^  draw-bar 
height,  etc.,  of  South  American  roads,  existing  or  projected,  in  order  that  it  may  be 
possible  to  unite  in  the  future  such  scattered  systems  in  great  trunk  or  interconti- 
nental systems. 

Doubtless  there  is  no  one  more  competent  to  speak  on  the  application  of  electricity 
to  railroads  than  Mr.  Frank  J.  Sprague,  the  inventor  of  the  multiple-unit  system.  His 
valuable  paper  outlines  the  most  approved  modern  practice  and  probable  future 
development  in  the  application  of  electricity  to  transportation.  A  history  of  this 
application  prefaces  the  main  portion  of  the  paper,  an  historical  record  in  which  the 
author  has  played  no  small  part. 

Conclusions  and  resolutions  were  adopted  as  follows: 

CONCLUSIONS   AND   RESOLUTIONS. 

Irrigation. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recommends  that 
the  economical  use  of  water  be  given  special  attention  in  the  countries  of  America. 
For  the  purpose  of  executing  systematic  irrigation  works  and  also  to  stimulate  united 

36 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  37 

action  on  the  part  of  those  dependent  on  irrigation  for  the  use  of  their  lands,  it  is  rec- 
ommended that  every  effort  be  made  to  stimulate  the  spirit  of  solidarity  in  order  that 
such  irrigation  works  may  be  carried  out. 

Type  of  building  in  earthquake  countries. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan- 
American)  is  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  studying  the  type  of  buildings  in  those 
countries  subject  to  earthquakes.  Much  can  be  done  toward  this  end  by  making  this 
the  topic  for  a  special  international  conference. 

Hydraulic  works. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  recom- 
mends that  amongst  the  topics  to  be  discussed  at  the  next  scientific  congress  the  fol- 
lowing be  included:  The  type  of  construction  best  adapted  for  piers  and  quays  when 
the  rivers  along  which  such  constructions  are  to  be  made  are  of  great  depth  and  swift 
current. 

Preservation  of  native  engineering  terms. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan- 
American)  recommends  that  in  every  one  of  the  republics  of  America  the  engineering 
associations  compile  the  native  engineering  terms  and  idioms  with  their  Spanish 
equivalents  and  present  such  compilation  at  the  next  scientific  congress. 

Irrigation  laws  and  systems. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American) 
recommends  that  at  the  next  scientific  congress  the  committee  on  organization  sub- 
mit a  larger  number  of  topics  relating  to  irrigation;  that  the  delegates  to  the  next 
scientific  congress  submit  the  laws  and  regulations  regarding  the  use  of  water  in  their 
countries ;  and  that  at  the  next  scientific  congress  papers  be  presented  relating  to  the 
irrigation  systems  in  their  countries,  to  those  in  course  of  construction,  and  under 
consideration. 

Municipal  water  supply. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American) 
recommends  that  in  view  of  the  fundamental  importance  of  adequate  water  supply 
for  cities  it  is  highly  important  that  such  public  water-supply  systems  be  established 
in  the  largest  possible  number  of  communities. 

Pan-American  Railroad. — The  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American)  rec- 
ommends to  the  governments  of  the  American  republics  the  speedy  completion  of  the 
Pan-American  Railroad. 


APPENDIX  K. 

Report  on  Section  5:  Medical  Science  and  Hygiene,  by  Col.  W.  C.  Gorgas, 

TJ.  S.  Army. 

The  meetings  of  this  section  were  attended  by  a  large  number  of  delegates  from 
the  various  countries  of  America  and  a  considerable  number  of  Chilean  physicians. 
A  marked  spirit  of  fellowship  prevailed  throughout  the  sessions  of  the  section.  A 
programme  had  been  carefully  prepared  which  arranged  for  the  inspection  of  the 
hospitals  and  similar  institutions  in  Santiago.  On  the  occasion  of  such  visits  foreign 
physicians  were  requested  to  hold  clinics  and  deliver  lectures.  The  waterworks  of 
the  city  were  inspected  and  other  investigations  arranged  to  fit  in  with  the  regular 
sessions  of  the  section. 

Sanitation  and  sanitary  precautions  for  the  prevention  of  diseases  were  the  ques- 
tions of  most  distinct  pan-American  interest  included  in  this  section. 

The  following  list  of  papers  presented  indicates  the  widespread  interest  in  this 
group  of  topics: 
Dr.  Jesus  Monjaras,  Mexico:  1.  "  Present  state  of  international  prophylaxis  in  Mexico." 

2.  " Precautions  against  yellow  fever  in  Mexico." 
Dr.  J.  C.  Perry,  United  States:  "Methods  for  controlling  plagues." 
Dr.  Juan  Lacerda,  Brazil:  "Yellow  fever." 
Dr.  W.  C.  Gorgas,  United  States:  "The  sanitation  of  the  tropics  in  its  relation  to 

malaria  and  yellow  fever." 

The  reading  of  these  papers  was  followed  by  the  adoption  of  the  following  resolution: 

"The  section  of  medical  science  and  hygiene  of  the  Fourth  Scientific  Congress 
recommends  to  the  organizing  committee  of  the  Fifth  Scientific  Congress  the  adoption 
of  a  plan  of  study  of  international  sanitary  precautions,  so  that  after  its  consideration 
at  the  next  scientific  congress  a  general  plan  of  international  sanitary  measures 
may  be  adopted  to  make  effective  the  rules  on  international  sanitation  mentioned 
in  the  convention  of  Washington  of  the  14th  of  October,  1905." 

The  epidemics  to  which  the  countries  of  America  are  subject  were  considered  in 
a  number  of  papers,  of  which  the  following  may  be  mentioned: 

Dr.  M.  J.  Rosenau,  United  States:  "  Recent  advances  in  the  study  of  typhoid  fever." 
Dr.  Mamerto  Cadiz,  Chile:  "Serum  and  vaccination  in  Chile." 
Dr.  Jesus  Monjaras,  Mexico:  "Campaign  against  the  bubonic  plague  in  Mexico." 
Dr.  Emilio  Aldunate  B.,  Chile:  "Smallpox  in  Chile." 
Dr.  M.  O.  Tamayo,  Peru:  "The  Uta  in  Peru." 

Detailed  consideration  was  also  given  to  hospital  organization  and  first  aid  to  the 
injured.    The  more  important  papers  submitted  on  these  subjects  were  as  follows: 
Dr.  Fernando  R.  Torres,  Argentine  Republic:  "Free  public  medical  service  in  the 

Argentine  Republic." 

Dr.  Jose  Grossi:  "Medical  service  during  earthquakes." 
Dr.  A.  Vicencio,  Chile:  "Model  hospitals." 
Dr.  Cecilia  Gierson,  Argentine  Republic:  "Necessity  of  popular  instruction  in  first 

aid  to  the  injured." 
Dr.  Eloisa  Diaz,  Chile:  "Organization  of  medical  inspection  of  public  schools." 

Some  of  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  the  section  are  as  follows: 

In  view  of  the  enormous  death  rate  caused  by  smallpox  in  Chile  and  other  American 
countries,  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  the  governments  of 
America  the  speedy  adoption  of  laws  providing  for  obligatory  vaccination. 

Vital  statistics. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  declares  that  in  order  to 
obtain  accurate  vital  statistics  it  is  necessary  that  each  death  certificate  be  signed  by 
the  family  doctor,  or  in  his  absence  by  a  public  official,  who  shall  establish  the  causes 
of  death  of  the  deceased. 

Quarantine  stations. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  believes  that  in  order 
that  the  conditions  of  health  of  the  population  of  port  towns  may  be  guaranteed,  it  is 
necessary  to  establish  in  such  ports  quarantine  stations  for  all  incoming  vessels.  If 
persons  infected  with  contagious  diseases  be  found  on  such  vessels  they  should  be 
obliged  to  enter  a  hospital  placed  under  the  proper  medical  direction. 

Anquilostomasis. — The  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  the  gov- 
ernments of  those  countries  where  the  anquilostomasis  exists  the  study  of  special 
sanitary  precautions  to  prevent  it  from  spreading. 

38 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  39 

Social  purity. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  the  societies 
which  endeaver  to  promote  sanitary  and  moral  betterment,  the  organization  of  public 
lectures  on  santitary  precautions.  It  also  recommends  them  to  enter  into  a  campaign 
against  venereal  diseases  by  distributing  in  large  quantities  all  kinds  of  literature 
expounding  to  the  public  the  unknown  dangers  of  these  diseases. 

Dispensaries  for  venereal  diseases. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recom- 
mends the  establishment  of  dispensaries  for  venereal  diseases  which  will  give  free  aid 
and  medical  assistance  and  medicines  to  the  working  classes.  These  dispensaries 
should  be  open  at  specified  hours  each  day. 

Hospital  treatment  for  prostitutes. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recom- 
mends the  establishment  of  hospitals  with  liberal  regulations  where  prostitutes  with 
venereal  diseases  may  secure  treatment. 

Free  hospital  service. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that  all 
assistance  given  in  cases  of  venereal  diseases  be  given  free. 

School  hygiene  and  inspection. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  declares  to  the 
Governments  of  this  continent  that  it  is  absolutely  necessary:  (1)  To  organize  the  med- 
ical inspection  of  schools.  (2)  To  declare  the  teaching  of  hygiene  and  of  the  dangers 
of  alcoholism  obligatory  in  the  schools  of  primary  and  secondary  instruction,  public  or 
private.  (3)  To  pro  vide  food  for  the  pupils  during  school  hours.  (4)  To  declare  that 
one  of  the  contagious  diseases  against  which  precautions  have  to  be  taken  in  school 
is  tuberculosis,  and  in  cases  of  symptoms  the  pupils  should  be  obliged  to  enter  a  hos- 
pital and  the  infected  rooms  should  be  disinfected.  (5)  To  establish  sanatoria  for 
tuberculous  patients  at  the  seaside  and  in  the  mountains. 

Antituberculosis  campaign. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  asks  the  coop- 
eration of  the  public  press  against  diseases  through  the  publication  of  daily  advertise- 
ments containing  information  as  to  the  means  best  adapted  to  prevent  the  spread  of 
tuberculosis  and  similar  diseases. 

The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  the  creation  of  antituberculosis 
leagues  in  those  countries  where  such  leagues  have  not  as  yet  been  organized . 

Medical  inspection  of  schools. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends 
to  the  public  authorities  the  organization  of  a  complete  medical  inspection  of  schools, 
thus  filling  an  important  need  of  school  hygiene.  There  should  be  at  least  one  doctor 
for  each  2,000  pupils. 

Hygiene  in  cities. — The  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that  in  the 
programme  for  the  second  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  there  be  included  a 
discussion  of  the  question  of  city  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  its  relation  to 
street  paving,  taking  into  special  consideration  the  climate,  the  facilities  with  which 
the  proper  material  may  be  obtained  in  the  different  countries  and  the  cost  thereof. 


APPENDIX  L. 

Report  on  Section  6  :  Juridical  Sciences,  by  Dr.  Paul  S.  Reinsch. 

Under  the  arrangements  made  by  the  committee  of  organization,  this  section 
included  only  the  discussions  on  private  and  civil  law,  together  with  penal  law.  The 
general  branches  of  public  law — international  law,  constitutional  and  administrative 
law — had  been  placed  in  the  seventh  section  (social  sciences).  This  classification 
does  not  imply  that  the  South  American  professional  jurists  neglect  the  study  of  pub- 
lic law  in  its  various  branches,  but  it  simply  indicates  that  in  the  grouping  of  studies 
these  subjects  are  classed  with  the  political  and  social  sciences.  The  section  on  juris- 
prudence dealt  with  certain  subjects  of  private  and  penal  law  which  are  of  interest  to 
all  the  countries  of  America.  Notwithstanding  a  rich  and  attractive  programme,  the 
sessions  of  the  section  were  not  largely  attended.  Few  professional  jurists  had  come 
from  abroad,  nor  did  the  bar  of  Chile  show  a  strong  interest  in  the  section.  Never- 
theless the  papers  read  were  of  high  merit,  and  in  the  interesting  discussions  many 
important  points  of  American  comparative  jurisprudence  were  elucidated.  A  brief 
account  will  be  given  of  the  papers  which  were  of  special  interest,  and  of  the  resolu- 
tions adopted  by  the  section.  The  advisability  of  adopting  resolutions  on  matters 
of  a  scientific  character  was  discussed  in  the  section.  It  was  urged,  on  the  one  hand, 
that  in  a  congress  which  had  taken  the  entire  field  of  American  science  for  its  province 
it  was  impossible  to  give  to  each  proposition  that  detailed  and  careful  consideration 
which  ought  to  precede  a  vote  by  a  scientific  body.  Moreover,  the  wisdom  of  voting 
at  all  upon  questions  of  science  was  doubted  by  many.  But  as  the  regulations  of  the 
congress  called  for  a  statement  of  conclusions  in  each  paper  in  the  form  of  resolu- 
tions, the  section  in  the  course  of  its  proceedings  voted  on  matters  upon  which  prac- 
tical unanimity  existed  among  those  present.  It  was  believed  by  some  members 
that  discussion  would  become  merely  perfunctory  unless  a  vote  were  to  be  taken  on 
the  conclusions. 

A  paper  was  presented  by  Senor  Manuel  Ejidio  Ballesteros,  of  Chile,  on ' '  Trust  estates, 
their  importance  in  legislation,  and  the  advisability  of  maintaining  them  in  law." 
Upon  the  basis  of  this  paper  and  the  discussion  thereon  the  section  voted  to  recom- 
mend that  American  countries  under  whose  legislation  perpetual  trusts  are  still  per- 
missible should  abolish  this  institution. 

Senor  Romualdo  Silva  Cortes,  of  Chile,  read  a  paper  on  "Juristic  persons,"  on  the 
basis  of  which  it  was  resolved  to  recommend  that  American  countries  should  have 
legislation  guaranteeing  juristic  personality,  that  such  laws  should  be  as  uniform  as 
possible,  and  that  there  should  be  positive  laws  recognizing  juristic  persons  consti- 
tuted in  foreign  countries. 

Senor  Candido  Nogueira  da  Motta,  of  Brazil,  read  a  paper  on  the  treatment  of  juve- 
nile offenders.  His  conclusions  with  respect  to  the  management,  housing,  and  educa- 
tion of  such  persons  were  approved.  Senor  Tomaso  A.  Ramirez,  of  Chile,  read  a  paper 
on  the  classification  of  crimes  with  practical  suggestions  for  the  reform  of  criminal 
legislation. 

A  paper  written  by  Mr.  Roscoe  Pound,  of  Northwestern  University,  on  the  "Unifi- 
cation of  commercial  law  in  America, ' '  was  read  by  Mr.  Paul  S .  Reinsch .  The  author, 
after  dwelling  upon  the  special  difficulties  which  oppose  themselves  to  the  adoption 
of  a  uniform  system  in  the  United  States,  discusses  the  special  character  of  commercial 
law,  as  resting  upon  interstate  and  international  relations,  and  expresses  his  belief  in 
the  feasibility  of  a  gradual  approach  toward  uniform  laws  in  many  matters  of  com- 
merce. 

The  discussions  in  the  section  showed  that  it  is  possible  for  representatives  of  North 
and  of  South  American  jurisprudence  to  find  a  common  meeting  ground  in  the  con- 
sideration of  juristic  problems.  The  two  great  systems  of  American  jurisprudence 
differ  widely  in  method  and  in  substance,  but  in  a  discussion  into  which  both  points 
of  view  enter,  problems  and  principles  receive  a  new  setting,  and  illustrations  from 
one  system  serve  to  elucidate  difficulties  in  the  other.  This  is  especially  true  when 
problems  of  actual  legislation  are  being  considered. 

40 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  41 


PAPERS   PRESENTED. 


Alonso,  Criado  Matias,  Uruguay:  "Unification  of  legislation  in  countries  using  the 

same  language. "  « 

Rada,  Pedro  J.,  Peru:  "Unification  of  mercantile  law." 
Palma  y  V.,  Jose,  Bolivia:  "  Principles  of  civil  law. " 
Espina,  Roberto,  Chile:  "Classification  of  punishments." 
Silva  Cortes,  R.,  Chile:  "Juridical  personality.  " 
Ballesteros,  Manuel  E.,  Chile:  "  Trusts  and  quit-rent  estates. " 
Barberena,  Riyas  M.,  Nicaragua:  "Liberty  of  testimony.  " 
Pastrana,  Mexico:  "  Liberty  of  testimony.  " 
Vera,  Robustiano,  Chile:  "Liberty  of  testimony." 
Carvallo  de  Adherbal,  Brazil:  "  The  legal  disabilities  of  married  women  with  reference 

to    property. " 

Ramirez,  Pablo,  Chile:  "Matrimonial  property  in  American  countries.  " 
Cisneros,  Jeremias,  Honduras:  "Absolute  divorce." 
Ramirez,  Thomas  A.,  Chile:  "Mental  incapacity  in  civil  law. " 
Martinez,  Sobral  E.,  Mexico:  "Corporation  law  in  Mexico." 
Martinez,  Marcial,  Chile:  "  Res  adjudicata.    Effect  of  a  judgment  in  a  criminal  case 

upon  a  question  of  civil  law  connected  with  the  offense. " 

Manzanilla,  Jose  M.,  Peru :  "  The  principle  of  revising  judgments  in  criminal  matters. " 
Duffoy,  Luis,  Argentine  Republic:  "  Reform  of  penal  law.  " 
Cisneros,  Jeremias,  Honduras:  "  Capital  punishment.  " 

Ramirez,  Thomas  A.,  Chile:  "Medico-legal  study  of  crimes  and  misdemeanors." 
Calderon,  M.  G.,  Mexico:  "  The  nature  of  crime. " 
Pound,  Roscoe,  United  States:  "The  unification  of  commercial  law.  " 
Martinez,  Marcial,  Chile:  "  On  enforcing  judgments  pronounced  by  foreign  tribunals." 
Esteva,  Roberto  A.,  Mexico:  "  Property  in  coal  and  petrolum. " 
Mujica,  Horacio,  Chile:  "Necessity  of  special  saltpeter  legislation.  " 
Banados,  G.  M.,  Chile:  "  Project  of  law  concerning  the  merchant  marine. " 
Okarte,  Camacho  V.,  Colombia:  "Legal  condition  of  aliens  in  Colombia." 
Vidal,  Victor,  Chile:  "Legal  status  of  cooperative  irrigation  associations." 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Trust  estates. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  believes: 

(1)  That  perpetual  trust  estates  are  not  founded  on  principles  of  justice  nor  are  they 
in  harmony  with  the  economic  principles  which  should  guide  legislative  policy. 

(2)  That  although  they  are  considerably  restricted  in  most  modern  legislations  they 
still  exist,  and  the  bad  effects  of  these  institutions  and  the  dangers  they  involve  do 
not  compensate  for  the  services  which  they  perform. 

(3)  That  it  is  desirable  that  all  those  countries  in  which  this  institution  exists  should 
abolish  the  same. 

Juristic  personality. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that  laws 
be  enacted  which  recognize  and  guarantee  juristic  personality;  that  according  to  the 
needs  of  each  country  an  effort  be  made  to  make  uniform  the  legislation  on  this  ques- 
tion, and  that  laws  be  enacted  through  which  juristic  entities  created  in  one  country 
be  recognized  in  the  others. 

Marriage  laws. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  expresses  its  desire  that  in 
the  various  faculties  of  law  special  attention  be  given  to  the  modification  that  it  would 
be  desirable  to  introduce  into  the  marriage  laws  of  the  American  countries,  having  in 
view  greater  uniformity  in  this  respect  and  the  improvement  of  the  legal  status  of 
married  women. 

The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  also  desires  that  in  making  such  a  reform  of 
the  marriage  laws  the  widow  be  given  patria  potestas  over  her  legitimate  children  in 
those  countries  where  this  right  is  denied  her. 

The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  that  the  jurists  devoting  them- 
selves to  a  study  of  marriage  laws  present  their  conclusions  at  the  next  scientific 
congress. 

Criminal  legislation. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  believes  that  it  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  reform  criminal  legislation  in  matters  relating  to  assault,  in 
order  that  a  scientific  classification  of  these  offenses  may  be  adopted,  which  will  estab- 
lish a  just  and  precise  gradation  of  penalties  in  regard  to  the  extent  and  nature  of  the 
injury  caused  and  the  grade  of  perversion  of  the  offender,  thus  permitting  of  greater 
uniformity  in  the  treatment  of  these  cases. 


42  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

Juvenile  delinquents. — The  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress  believes: 

(1)  That  it  is  necessary  that  the  State  should  concern  itself  with  the  reform  of  juve- 
nile delinquents  and  morally  abandoned  children. 

(2)  This  intervention  must  not  be  exclusive.     The  associations  founded  for  this 
purpose  should  lend  their  assistance  to  the  State.     For  this  service  they  should 
receive  subsidies.     Care  should  be  taken,  however,  that  the  institutions  established 
for  the  care  of  juvenile  delinquents  should  not  unduly  exploit  the  labor  of  those  under 
their  charge. 

(3)  In  order  that  these  institutions  may  be  successful  in  their  work  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  that  neither  the  name  of  penitentiary  nor  prison  be  given  them. 

(4)  The  number  of  juvenile  delinquents  to  be  kept  in  each  of  these  institutions 
should  never  exceed  200. 

(5)  One  of  the  conditions  for  success  in  the  work  of  these  institutions  is  unity  of  plan 
and  direction.     It  is  desirable  that  in  each  institution  there  be  established  various 
categories,  carefully  graded,  according  to  the  nature,  temperament,  tendencies,  and 
age  of  the  minors. 

(6)  The  direction  of  these  institutions  must  be  turned  over  to  scientifically  trained 
men  irrespective  of  political  considerations. 

Private  international  law. — The  scientific  congress  expresses  its  desire  that  the 
American  governments  agree  to  and  sign  conventions  dealing  with  questions  of  private 
international  law. 

Maritime  legislation. — The  scientific  congress  expresses  its  desire  that  the  govern- 
ments of  America  negotiate  treaties  providing  for  greater  uniformity  in  maritime 
legislation. 

Medical  jurisprudence . — The  scientific  congress  believes  that  obligatory  study  of  med- 
ical jurisprudence  should  be  established  in  the  law  schools  of  American  universities. 


APPENDIX  M. 

Report  on  Section  7 — Social  Sciences. 

SUBSECTION    RELATING   TO    HISTORY,  BY   MR.  HIRAM    BINGHAM. 

As  was  to  be  expected  in  a  scientific  congress  the  consideration  of  purely  historical 
topics  did  not  occupy  much  time.  Political  science,  jurisprudence,  and  international 
law  proved  to  be  of  more  interest  to  the  delegates,  and  the  discussions  which  arose 
over  some  of  the  political  and  legal  questions  were  much  more  lively  and  interesting 
than  they  are  ordinarily  at  the  annual  meetings  of  the  American  learned  societies. 
The  programme  contained  a  fair  number  of  historical  papers,  but  owing  to  the  absence 
of  the  authors,  the  pressure  of  time,  and  other  reasons,  only  a  very  few  were  read  and 
they  only  in  part. 

The  following  papers  were  listed  for  the  first  two  days  devoted  to  "Historia." 

(1)  "Picture  of  the  colonial  era:  Life  and  customs;  resemblances  and  differences 
between  colonial  and  European  civilization,"  by  Benedicto  Octavio. 

(2)  "A  few  reasons  why  the  English  colonies,  on  achieving  their  independence, 
became  a  single  nation,  while  the  La  tin- American  colonies  did  not  form  a  federation 
or  even  a  confederation,"  by  Hiram  Bingham. 

(3)  "Tendencies  toward  federalism  and  'unitarism'  in  Latin  America;  their  causes 
and  effects,"  by  Esteban  Guardiola. 

'  The  expeditions  of  the  Incas  into  the  Amazon  regions,"  by  Victor  Belande. 
Peruvian  numismatics,"  by  Jose  A.  Izcue. 
Geographical  bibliography  of  Peru,"  by  Jose  Toribio  Polo. 
Diplomatic  history  of  Central  America,"  by  Edouard  Poirier. 
Chile  in  1908,"  by  Edouard  Poirier. 

)f  these  the  second  paper  was  the  only  one  read ;  the  others  will  doubtless  appear 
in  the  publications  of  the  congress. 

The  programme  for  the  second  day  commenced  with  Professor  Moses's  paper  on 
"The  foundations  of  English  and  Spanish  colonial  civilization  in  America."  It 
was  read  on  the  first  day  and  was  received  with  much  interest  and  applause.  One 
of  the  delegates,  in  moving  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Professor  Moses,  spoke  of  his  paper  as 
"one  of  the  most  useful  works  presented  by  this  congress." 

Other  papers  read  on  the  second  day  were  "The  initiation  and  commencement  of 
the  South  American  war  of  independence,"  by  Luis  Arce,  published  in  pamphlet 
form  and  distributed;  "The  historical  literature  of  Chile,"  by  Luis  Galdames;  and 
"The  work  of  the  historians  of  the  United  States,"  by  Professor  Sloane,  of  Columbia 
University.  Senor  Galdames's  paper  had  particular  reference  to  life  in  the  colonial 
era  of  Chilean  history. 

Among  the  papers  read  in  other  sections  that  were  of  interest  to  students  of  history 
may  be  mentioned  the  following,  all  of  which  will  be  printed  in  full  in  the  report  of 
the  congress: 

"An  historical  picture  of  the  intellectual  production  of  Chile,"  by  Jorje  Huneus 
Gana. 

"Critical  history  of  taxation  in  Chile,"  by  Luis  Navarrete. 

"The  evolution  of  the  principle  of  arbitration  in  America,"  by  J.  F.  Urrutia, 
Colombian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

"The  most-favored-nation  clause  in  American  commercial  treaties,"  by  Julio 
Philippi,  of  Chile.  Seiior  Philippi's  paper  contained  a  concise  resume  of  the  his- 
tory of  Chilean  foreign  commercial  policy. 

Dr.  Ernesto  Frias,  of  Uruguay,  read  selections  from  his  forthcoming  work  on  "Com- 
mercial treaties,"  which  should  prove  of  value  to  students  of  diplomatic  history. 

During  the  congress  there  came  from  the  press  a  new  and  important  work  in  two 
volumes  on  Sebastian  Cabot  by  that  prolific  writer  and  bibliographer,  Jose  Toribio 
Medina.  Senor  Medina  reported  himself  as  now  at  work  on  the  fourth  volume  of 
his  "Imprenta  en  Mejico,"  the  third  volume  of  which  appeared  a  day  or  two  before 
the  opening  of  the  congress. 

Mention  should  also  be  made  of  the  loss  to  Chile,  by  the  death  on  January  4  of 
Don  Pedro  Pablo  Figueroa,  one  of  her  most  distinguished  historians.  The  author 
of  numerous  historical  and  biographical  works,  he  will  probably  be  longest  remem- 
bered for  his  "Diccionario  Biografico  Americano"  and  "Album  Militar." 

43 


44  PAN-AMEKICAN  SCIENTIFIC   CONGBESS. 

SUBSECTION    RELATING   TO    INTERNATIONAL   LAW,    BY   DR.    L.    8.    ROWE. 

Of  all  the  questions  discussed  in  the  section  on  social  sciences,  the  most  important, 
as  well  as  the  most  fruitful,  were  those  relating  to  international  law.  This  was  due 
in  large  part  to  the  far-reaching  significance  of  a  paper  submitted  by  the  Hon. 
Alejandro  Alvarez,  solicitor  of  the  Chilean  state  department.  In  this  paper  Doctor 
Alvarez  undertook  to  analyze  the  distinctively  American  problems  in  international 
law.  He  was  careful  to  point  out  that  his  thesis  did  not  involve  the  development 
of  a  system  of  international  law  in  any  sense  antagonistic  to  the  accepted  doctrines. 
Owing  to  the  geographical  position,  the  conditions  of  settlement,  the  special  racial 
problems,  and  the  peculiar  economic  development  of  the  Republics  of  the  American 
Continent,  a  series  of  problems  have  arisen  distinctively  American  in  character,  and 
requiring  special  principles  of  international  law  for  their  solution.  Furthermore, 
the  possibility  of  agreement  between  the  Republics  of  America  on  principles  repre- 
senting an  advance  in  international  law  places  them  in  a  position  to  make  important 
contributions  to  the  subject.  These  principles  when  once  agreed  upon  gradually 
receive  the  acceptance  of  other  nations,  and  thus  become  world-wide  in  character. 

The  conclusion  submitted  by  Doctor  Alvarez  was  as  follows: 

The  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recognizes  that  the  diversity  in  the 
development  .of  the  New  World,  as  compared  with  ftie  Old,  has  had  the  following 
effect  upon  international  relations,  namely,  that  there  have  been  and  are  general 
problems  and  conditions  in  Europe  which  have  no  application  to  the  American 
continent;  that  the  American  continent  are  confronted  by  problems  sui  generis 
or.,  distinctively  American;  and  that  the  states  of  the  American  continent  have 
dealt  with  subjects  in  the  Pan-American  conferences  which  are  of  interest  only  to 
those  states  or  which,  if  of  universal  interest,  have  not  yet  been  susceptible  of  uni- 
versal agreement. 

This  class  of  questions  constitutes  what  may  be  termed  "  American  problems  in 
international  law. " 

The  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  all  American  states  to 
have  the  members  of  their  faculties  of  jurisprudence  and  social  science  give  attention 
to  the  study  of  "American  international  law.  " 

This  conclusion  gave  rise  to  prolonged  discussion. 

An  important  contribution  to  this  discussion  was  made  by  one  of  the  Brazilian 
delegates,  the  Honorable  Senhor  Sa  Vianna.  Doctor  Sa  Vianna,  in  discussing  the 
existence  of  American  international  law,  submitted  the  following  views: 

"To  consider  the  peculiar  conditions  of  the  states  of  the  New  World  does  not  of 
itself  establish  the  existence  of  an  American  international  law,  save  when  that  law 
shall  regulate  relations  exclusively  between  and  restricted  to  the  several  American 
states,  because  the  very  nature  and  functions  of  this  branch  of  international  law  are 
opposed  to  that  theory." 

In  order  to  reconcile  the  opposing  views  a  special  committee  was  appointed.  This 
committee  agreed  upon  the  following  formulation  which  was  submitted  to  the  section 
at  the  session  of  the  31st  of  December  and  unanimously  adopted: 

"The  First  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  recognizes  that  the  diversity  in  the 
development  of  the  New  World  as  compared  with  the  Old  has  had  the  following  effect 
upon  international  relations,  namely,  that  on  this  continent  there  are  problems  sui 
generis  or  of  a  distinctively  American  character  and  that  the  states  of  this  hemisphere, 
by  means  of  agreements  more  or  less  general,  have  regulated  matters  which  are  of  sole 
concern  to  them,  or  which,  if  of  universal  interest,  have  not  yet  been  susceptible 
of  universal  agreement,  thus  incorporating  in  international  law  principles  of  Ameri- 
can origin." 

This  class  of  questions  constitutes  what  may  be  termed  '  'American  problems  or  situa- 
tions in  international  law." 

The  scientific  congress  reconiMiends  to  all  the  states  of  the  American  Continent 
that  the  faculties  of  jurisprudence  and  social  science  give  attention  to  the  study  of 
these  matters. 

Another  paper  of  great  interest  and  importance  was  submitted  by  the  Hon.  Marcial 
Martinez  de  Ferrari,  a  delegate  of  Chile.  This  paper  dealt  with  the  results  of  The 
Hague  conferences.  The  conclusions  of  this  paper  were  as  follows: 

The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  makes  the  following  declaration — 

The  progress  of  international  law  depends,  in  the  main,  on  the  agreement  by  a 
group  of  nations  on  principles  which  signify  an  actual  advance  in  international  law. 

It  is  a  matter  of  world-wide  interest  that  the  American  countries  agree  on  princi- 
ples that  represent  an  actual  advance  in  their  international  relations,  and  which 
may  later  on  be  accepted  by  conferences  of  a  world-wide  character  and  especially 
by  The  Hague  Conference. 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  45 

SUBSECTION  RELATING  TO    REPRESENTATIVE   GOVERNMENT,   PARLIAMENTARY  GOVERN- 
MENT,   CENTRALIZATION,    AND    DECENTRALIZATION,     BY   DR.    L.    S.    ROWE. 

One  of  the  most  suggestive  papers  presented  to  this  section  was  that  of  the  dean  of 
the  faculty  of  philosophy  and  letters  of  the  University  of  Buenos  Aires,  Dr.  Jose" 
Nicolas  Matienzo  on  "Experimental  politics."  The  conclusion  of  this  paper  was 
embodied  in  the  following  resolution,  which  was  unanimously  adopted:  "The  Pan- 
American  Scientific  Congress  recommends  to  the  Universities  of  the  American  Re- 
publics the  comparative  study  of  the  actual  operation  of  their  political  institutions 
with  those  of  foreign  nations,  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the  conditions  and  laws 
under  which  republican  institutions  develop."  This  resolution  gave  rise  to  consider- 
able discussion,  in  which  a  large  number  of  delegates  took  part. 

Another  paper  which  was  looked  forward  to  with  much  interest,  because  of  its 
timeliness,  was  "The  operation  of  parliamentary  government  in  Chile,"  by  Dr. 
Jose  A.  Alfonso.  In  this  paper  Doctor  Alfonso  analyzed  the  difficulties  with  which 
parliamentary  government  in  Chile  had  to  contend,  and  arrived  at  the  following 
conclusions: 

(1)  The  limitation  of  the  suffrage  is,  under  present  political  conditions,  impracti- 
cable. 

(2)  Representation  should   be  national  rather  than  sectional.     Representatives 
should  give  preference  to  those  questions  which  are  of  national  importance,  without 
being  influenced  by  the  narrow  interests  of  smaller  groups. 

(3)  If  we  are  to  have  representatives  of  the  whole  nation,  the  whole  nation  should 
elect  them,  or  if  this  is  not  possible  they  should  be  elected  by  large  electoral  divisions. 
In  Chile  these  might  be  three  in  number;  the  northern,  the  central,  and  the  southern 
districts. 

(4)  The  representatives  thus  elected  would  in  all  probability  be  in  a  position  to  act 
in  the  interest  of  the  whole  nation. 

(5)  The  evils  of  the  present  method  of  congressional  elections  in  Chile  are  due  to 
the  small  electoral  divisions. 

Another  paper  which  aroused  great  interest  was  that  of  Prof.  Hiram  Bingham,  the 
title  of  which  was  "Some  reasons  why  English  colonies,  after  emancipation  from  the 
mother  country,  formed  a  single  state,  whereas  the  Latin- American  colonies  were 
not  able  to  form  a  federation,  or  even  a  confederation."  The  conclusions  reached  by 
Professor  Bingham  were  as  follows: 

(1)  The  tendencies  of  colonists  depend  on  the  history  of  their  race  in  the  centuries 
preceding  their  emigration.     Their  actions  are  influenced  by  the  experiences  of 
their  ancestors.     The  motives  of  their  conduct  may  be  traced  to  the  history  of  the 
fatherland. 

(a)  The  history  of  England  in  the  five  hundred  years  preceding  the  colonization 
of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  North  America  is  the  story  of  a  united  nation  governed  by 
a  single  executive.  Her  sons  fought  as  Englishmen  and  for  England.  >  Hence  the 
English  colonists  carried  to  America  with  them  the  racial  habit  of  living  under  a 
unified,  centralized  government. 

(6)  On  the  other  hand,  the  history  of  the  Hispanic  Peninsula  during  the  five  hun- 
dred years  preceding  the  colonization  of  Latin  America  is  the  story  of  a  score  or  more 
of  independent  kingdoms  and  cities.     Men  fought  as  Castilians  or  Aragonese  and  not 
as  Spaniards.    There  was  no  such  thing  as  a  political  entity  called  Spain.     The  unifi- 
cation of  Spain,  begun  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  was  contemporary  with  the  colo- 
nization of  America  and  did  not  affect  the  racial  habit  of  the  colonists.    They  carried 
to  America  with  them  a  tendency  to  build  up  strong  local  governments. 

(2)  The  success  of  any  important  political  action  depends  largely  on  historical 
preparation  for  such  action. 

(a)  The  movement  toward  a  federation  in  the  English  colonies  was  slow  and  steady, 
extending  over  a  period  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  years. 

(6)  The  English  colonists  were  allowed  free  intercolonial  intercourse,  while  the 
Spanish  colonies  were  forbidden  to  travel  and  trade  from  one  colony  to  another. 

(c)  The  English  colonial  wars  against  French  and  Indians  brought  about  a  strong 
sentiment  of  intercolonial  dependence  and  neighborly  acquaintance  among  the 
English  colonists. 

(3)  Geographical  conditions  are  of  the  very  greatest  importance  in  determining  the 
course  of  history. 

(a)  The  English  colonists  were  placed  by  fate  close  together  on  a  narrow  strip  of 
seacoast,  less  in  length  than  the  seaboard  of  Chile,  with  very  few  physical  obstacles  to 
their  intercourse. 

(6)  The  Latin-American  colonists,  on  the  other  hand,  were  scattered  over  an  enor- 
mous area  and!  separated  from  each  other  by  gigantic  geographical  obstacles.  Moun- 


46  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGEESS. 

tains  and  deserts,  jungles  and  swamps  combined  to  isolate  the  Hispanic  colonists  and 
to  prevent  the  upbuilding  of  a  community  of  interest  and  an  intelligent  acquaintance 
with  one  another. 

(4)  Conclusion:  The  English  colonists,  with  radical  tendencies  toward  union, 
enjoyed  a  political  and  geographical  freedom  which  enabled  them  to  unite.  The 
Latin-American  colonists,  with  racial  tendency  toward  independent  local  govern- 
ment, were  surrounded  by  political  and  geographical  conditions  which  made  the 
formation  of  a  federation  impossible. 

Two  papers  were  submitted  to  this  section  by  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  one  on  "Public  opinion 
in  American  democracies,"  and  the  other  on  "The  influence  of  city  environment  on 
popular  thought  and  action." 

SUBSECTION     RELATING     TO     DIPLOMATIC     HISTORY    AND     INTERNATIONAL    POLICY,    BY 
DR.  ARCHIBALD   CARY  COOLIDGE. 

Although  these  subjects  were  among  those  open  to  the  discussion  of  the  congress, 
very  little  was  said  about  them.  International  law  was  much  talked  about,  but 
"policy,"  as  apart  from  law,  was  seldom  touched  upon.  We  may  suppose  that  the 
chief  reason  for  this  was  the  fear  of  unintentionally  wounding  the  susceptibilities  of 
any  of  the  delegates  and  the  desire  to  keep  clear  of  politics  in  a  scientific  congress 
whose  members  represented  countries  some  of  which  have  delicate  political  questions 
with  their  neighbors.  The  one  purely  political  paper  was  that  of  Prof.  Archibald  Gary 
Coolidge,  of  Harvard  University,  "America  in  the  Pacific,"  and  this  took  care  to 
raise  no  questions  on  which  the  interests  of  the  different  American  Republics  might 
be  divergent. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

In  addition  to  the  conclusions  adopted  in  the  section  of  social  science  and  men- 
tioned in  the  foregoing  sectional  reports  may  be  mentioned  the  following: 

Administrative  law. — The  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress  recognizes  the  impor- 
tance of  mutual  help  in  the  administrative  action  of  the  governments  and  institutions 
of  the  American  Continent. 

In  order  that  these  relations  may  be  developed,  we  recommend  vigorous  cooperation 
in  the  work  which  is  being  done  by  the  International  Union  of  American  Republics, 
the  office  of  which  is  established  in  Washington,  as  well  as  in  the  work  of  the  Pan- 
American  Commissions  recently  created  in  the  several  countries  of  this  continent. 

Pan- American  Peace  Association. — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  realizes 
the  importance  of  a  " Pan- American  Peace  Association,"  and  recommends  that  it  be 
founded  in  the  countries  where  it  is  not  as  yet  established. 

Public  opinion  in  America.- — The  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress  believes  that 
Doctor  Rowe's  paper  on  "Public  opinion  in  the  democracies  of  America"  will  greatly 
contribute  to  the  education  of  public  opinion  in  the  American  Republics,  and  recom- 
mends that  it  be  printed  and  widely  circulated  on  this  continent. 


APPENDIX  N. 

Report  on  Section  8:  Sciences  of  Pedagogy  and  Philosophy,  by  Dr.  W.  B. 
Shepherd;  and  Subsection  17:  Fine  Arts,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes. 

REPORT   BY   DR.    WILLIAM    R.    SHEPHERD. 

The  sessions  of  this  section  of  the  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress  were  inaugu- 
rated on  Saturday,  December  26,  1908,  with  the  election  of  a  permanent  presiding 
board  composed  as  follows:  Chairman,  Manuel  Vicente  Ballivian,  Bolivia;  vice- 
chairman,  Melchor  Lasso  de  la  Vega,  Panama;  secretaries,  William  R.  Shepherd, 
United  States,  and  Enrique  Molina,  Chile.  Among  the  professional  educators  who 
constituted  the  majority  of  the  large  audiences  in  attendance,  many  were  women 
who  took  an  active  part  in  the  proceedings. 

Of  the  150  papers  presented  practically  all  dealt  with  some  phase  of  education. 
Two  or  three  treatises  on  philosophical  subjects  were  submitted,  but  none  was  read 
even  by  title — a  circumstance  that  seems  to  indicate  the  desirability  in  future  pan- 
American  scientific  congresses  of  assigning  to  philosophy,  as  such,  an  independent 
place  on  the  general  programme.  Owing  to  lack  of  time,  less  than  one-third  of  the 
papers  were  read,  in  whole  or  in  part.  Though  covering  fairly  well  the  entire  field 
of  education  they  showed  a  marked  tendency  toward  a  concentration  of  attention  on 
such  particular  points  as  the  general  purposes  of  education,  the  education  of  women, 
the  teaching  of  modern  languages,  the  value  of  aesthetic  culture,  and  the  essential 
characteristics  of  primary  instruction. 

None  of  the  statements  given  of  the  arguments  advanced  or  of  the  conclusions 
reached  in  the  several  papers  read  contained  much  that  was  novel  or  original — at  least 
in  the  country  of  the  author  concerned — but  the  estimate  of  their  worth  can  not  be 
determined  by  this  standard  alone.  The  real  value,  both  of  the  treatises  themselves 
and  of  the  discussions  that  followed,  consisted  rather  in  the  qualities  of  interest  and 
helpfulness  which  they  developed.  In  most  cases  the  tone  of  the  treatment  accorded 
was  broad  and  unpartisan.  Local  concerns,  of  course,  received  a  large  amount  of 
attention,  and  occasionally  the  contrasts  drawn  between  the  educational  interests  of 
one  republic  and  those  of  another,  or  between  one  institution  and  another  in  any  par- 
ticular state,  caused  the  trend  of  discussion  to  become  somewhat  narrow.  Neverthe- 
less, a  general  desire  prevailed  throughout  the  sessions  to  have  such  questions  exam- 
ined in  the  light  of  the  benefits  that  might  accrue  from  the  experience  of  other  nations, 
and  from  the  discussion  of  themes  possessing  a  deeper  educational  significance. 

The  list  of  conclusions  given  will  afford  some  idea  of  what  were  regarded  as 
the  most  important  principles  that  could  be  derived  from  the  several  papers  presented. 
None  of  them  provoked  so  much  serious  discussion  or  afforded  so  much  enlightenment 
to  the  American  interested  in  the  study  of  present  conditions  in  Latin -American  repub- 
lics as  the  treatises  dealing  with  the  education  of  women  and  with  the  problem  of 
what  ought  to  constitute  the  basis  of  a  general  education.  The  former  revealed  the 
evidence  of  a  desire  on  the  part  of  women  in  the  countries  of  Latin  America  to  engage 
more  actively  in  the  affairs  of  life;  whereas  the  latter  emphasized  the  necessity  of  giv- 
ing to  education  a  more  distinctively  secular  character.  As  an  expression  of  the  desire 
in  question,  it  was  urged  that  the  education  of  woman  ought  not  to  be  limited  to  a 
mere  preparation  for  the  assumption  of  the  duties  of  wife  and  mother,  but  should  be 
broadened  sufficiently  to  enable  her  to  support  herself,  should  the  exigency  arise,  and 
to  fulfill  her  social  mission  as  a  citizen  of  the  state  on  a  freer  and  more  ample  scale. 

Accordingly  when  the  question  was  put,  whether  the  education  of  a  girl  should  be 
special  in  its  character  or  should  be  in  general  similar  to  that  given  to  a  boy,  most  of 
the  men  voted  in  favor  of  the  former  proposition,  and  practically  all  of  the  women 
present  in  favor  of  the  latter.  So  marked  was  the  division  of  the  sexes  on  this  point, 
and  so  manifest  the  absurdity  of  allowing  a  division  of  the  sort  to  appear  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  scientific  congress,  that  the  section  eventually  took  the  radical  step  of 
resolving  to  refrain  from  voting  any  conclusions  whatever.  Instead,  it  resolved  to 

47 


48  PAN-AMERICAN    SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

confer  this  power  upon  the  presiding  board  alone,  under  the  stipulation  that  the  con- 
clusions which  that  body  might  deem  suitable  for  submission  to  the  approval  of  the 
Congress  in  general  session,  should  be  such  as  possessed  a  Pan-American  bearing. 
Availing  itself  of  the  discretionary  authority  thus  granted,  the  presiding  board  decided 
to  omit  so  controversial  a  question  as  the  proper  education  of  woman  from  the  list  of 
conclusions  to  be  presented. 

In  the  treatment  and  discussion  of  the  problem  of  what  ought  to  constitute  the 
basis  of  a  general  education  the  point  in  dispute  turned  upon  the  truth  or  falsity  of 
a  statement  to  the  effect  that  the  development  of  individuality  in  the  pupil  required 
that  dogmatic  teaching  of  every  sort  should  be  excluded  from  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion. On  the  ground  that  the  statement  was  intended  as  an  attack  upon  the  church 
a  futile  effort  was  made  to  prevent  the  paper  in  which  it  was  contained  from  being 
read.  Thereupon  the  defenders  of  the  negative  side  of  the  argument  declared  that 
in  the  United  States,  the  country  which  their  opponents  chose  to  regard  as  the  clas- 
sical land  of  religious  freedom,  the  dogmatic  teaching  of  Protestantism  was  practically 
universal  in  its  public  schools.  Failing  in  turn  to  establish  the  truth  of  this  asser- 
tion, they  proposed  the  voting  of  a  series  of  conclusions,  the  most  significant  of  which 
maintained  "that  the  basis  and  foundation  of  moral  education  is  religious  instruc- 
tion, since  it  fixes  a  superior  authority  endowed  with  all  of  the  elements  needful  to 
bind  the  human  conscience."  The  presiding  board,  however,  following  the*  prece- 
dent already  observed,  did  not  deem  it  advisable  to  adopt  any  conclusions  on  this 
particular  phase  of  education. 

CONCLUSIONS   PRESENTED   IN   THE    SUBSECTION    "AMERICAN    UNIVERSITIES,"   ADOPTED 
BY  THE    SECTION    OP    SOCIAL   SCIENCES. 

(1)  That,  while  giving  due  regard  to  the  preparation  of  students  for  professional 
careers,  the  universities  of  America  should  provide  for  the  training  and  the  education 
of  scientists,  developing  in  them  the  civic  spirit  and  the  idea  of  cooperating  in  the 
solution  of  the  problems  of  the  American  continent. 

(2)  That  the  courses  of  study  offered  should  lay  stress  upon  such  facts,  subjects,  or 
problems  as  relate  more  especially  to  the  political,  economic,  and  social  development 
of  the  American  nations. 

(3)  That  autonomy,  alike  administrative,  disciplinary,  and  educational,  ought  to  be 
the  basis  of  organization  of  the  universities  of  America. 

(4)  That  an  international  bureau  of  American  universities  be  organized  for  the  pur- 
pose of  facilitating  communication  among  them  and  of  collecting  and  exchanging  their 
publications. 

(5)  That  the  American  universities  enlarge  as  much  as  possible  the  American  section 
in  their  respective  libraries,  and  supply  it  with  catalogues  and  inventories  procured  as 
a  gift  or  in  exchange  through  the  medium  of  the  diplomatic  service  or  by  such  other 
means  as  they  may  consider  effective. 

(6)  That  arrangements  be  promoted  whereby  copies  of  documents  may  be  readily 
obtained  and  whereby  the  originals  themselves  may  be  consulted  through  the  medium 
of  an  international  loan  agency  organized  under  the  direction  of  the  diplomatic  service. 

CONCLUSIONS  ADOPTED  BY  THE   SECTION   OF  PEDAGOGICAL  SCIENCES  AND  PHILOSOPHY. 

(1)  That  the  conclusion  adopted  by  the  Third  Latin  American  Scientific  Congress, 
"declaring  the  necessity  for  the  immediate  organization  of  a  Pedagogical  League"  be 
carried  into  effect  by  founding  national  educational  associations  in  all  of  the  sister 
Republics,  and  by  establishing  a  Pan-American  Educational  Association  composed 
of  such  of  their  respective  educators  as  may  assemble  in  each  of  the  Pan-American 
Scientific  Congresses,  the  chief  function  of  whom  shall  be  to  study  the  adaptation  of 
educational  principles  to  the  American  social  medium,  and  to  secure  the  interchange 
and  cooperation  of  their  educators. 

(2)  Recommending  to  the  educators  of  America  the  study  of  the  declaration  of  prin- 
ciples put  forth  by  national  educational  associations  in  the  countries  where  these  have 
have  been  founded,  so  far  as  such  principles  may  be  suited  to  the  special  needs  of  each 
of  the  sister  Republics,  the  general  object  being  to  secure  Pan-American  confraternity 
by  means  of  the  community  of  educational  ideals. 

(3)  That,  in  accordance  with  the  resolution  of  the  Third  Pan- American  Conference 
the  several  Governments  be  requested  to  provide  for  the  creation  in  the  International 
Bureau  of  the  American  Republics  of  a  Pan-American  department  of  education,  which 
shall  be  charged  with  the  duty  of  publishing  in  English,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  all 
treatises  and  works  on  education  which  may  possess  a  Pan- American  interest,  and  of 
subserving  all  other  educational  interests  in  America. 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGEESS.  49 

(4)  That  the  problems  inherent  in  the  conditions  that  form  the  American  social 
medium  may  be  solved  by  an  education  that  will  develop  the  three  potentialities  of 
man — namely,  the  head,  the  heart,  and  the  hand — in  such  a  manner  as  to  transform 
them  into  the  three  vital  forces  known  as  intelligence,  morality,  and  skill,  by  the  appli- 
cation of  which  our  children  may  be  prepared  for  an  active  and  useful  life*. 

(5)  That  the  study  of  Spanish,  Portuguese,  German,  and  French  be  encouraged  in 
the  countries  of  America  where  English  is  spoken ;  of  English,  Portuguese,  French,  and 
German  where  Spanish  is  spoken;  of  Spanish,  English,  French,  and  German  where 
Portuguese  is  spoken. 

(6)  That  aesthetic  education  is  quite  as  important  as  intellectual  and  moral  educa- 
tion, and  hence  should  receive  an  equal  amount  of  attention  in  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion. 

(7)  (a)  That  a  part  of  the  course  in  history  given  in  secondary  schools  should  be 
devoted  to  special  consideration  of  the  works  of  the  most  important  classical  writers, 
artists,  and  philosophers. 

(6)  That  a  methodical  study  of  Greek  and  Latin  roots  should  form  part  of  the  course 
in  Spanish,  so  as  to  facilitate  an  acquaintance  with  the  technical  terms  of  science. 

(8)  That  the  several  countries  represented  in  the  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress 
adopt  a  method  of  determining  proficiency  in  school  work  which  shall  be  more  in 
harmony  with  modern  principles  of  hygiene  and  pedagogy. 

(9)  (a)  That  a  gymnastic  system  ought  to  be  established  in  every  country,  based 
upon  scientific  principles  of  physicaf  education,  and  yet  adapted  strictly  to  the 
climate  and  to  the  temperament  and  character  of  the  individual. 

(6)  That  physical  education  should  occupy  a  very  important  place  in  the  school  cur- 
riculum, and  should  be  made  obligatory  from  the  primary  school  to  the  university. 

(c)  That  in  the  school  schedule  one  afternoon  a  week  should  be  set  aside  for  games, 
walks,  and  excursions,  special  attention  being  given  at  the  time  to  the  teaching  of 
marksmanship . 

(10)  That  it  would  be  desirable  for  the  several  countries  to  recognize  the  certificates 
of  qualification  granted  by  foreign  States  to  primary  and  secondary  school  teachers  in 
accordance  with  the  following  conditions: 

(a)  That  the  plans  of  study  and  the  programmes  of  instruction  cover  the  same 
ground,  or  furnish  at  least  the  minimum  of  qualifications  required,  so  that  the  teaching 
done  may  be  satisfactory  to  the  State  concerned. 

(6)  That  the  teachers  in  question  be  not  incapacitated  from  performing  their  duties 
on  account  of  any  infraction  of  the  laws,  criminal  or  otherwise. 

(c)  That  such  recognition  be  effected  on  a  reciprocal  basis  between  the  countries 
concerned,  and  be  subject  also  to  a  prior  certification  of  the  authenticity  of  the  quali- 
fications alleged  to  be  possessed  by  the  teacher. 

(11)  (a)  That  the  inductive  sciences  should  form  the  basis  or  organic  center  of  a  gen- 
eral education  such  as  will  afford  a  complete  sytem  of  philosophy  for  the  individual. 

(6)  That  this  system  of  philosophy  should  be  scientific  in  its  fundamental  concepts, 
and  melioristic  in  its  aspirations. 

(c)  That  the  teaching  of  morality  should  be  given  a  historical  and  social  basis,  and 
that  the  ideas  of  solidarity  and  of  human  cooperation  should  be  its  generating  prin- 
ciples. 

PAPERS    PRESENTED. 

Jose  Ramon  Vargas,  Chile;  Alejandro  Venegas,  Chile;  Teresa  Prats  de  Sarratea,  Chile; 
Melchor  Lasso  de  la  Vega,  Panama:  "Is  the  concept  of  happiness,  and  therefore  the 
object  of  public  instruction,  presented  in  the  same  way  in  the  European  and  Amer- 
ican nations?  What  should  be  the  ideals  and  the  dominant  purposes  of  education 
and  instruction  in  the  latter?  The  adaptation  of  teaching  to  the  American  social 
medium." 

Vicente  Delgado,  Peru;  Moises  Vargas,  Chile:  "Bases  of  an  international  Pan-Amer- 
ican bureau  of  information  and  publications  on  public  instruction  which  shall  pro- 
vide also  for  the  preparation  of  uniform  and  complete  educational  statistics." 

Moises  Vargas,  Chile:  "How  should  the  cost  of  education  be  met?  Conditions  under 
which  the  State  may  contribute  to  the  support  of  private  educational  institutions." 

E.  Garcia  E.,  Peru;  Adela  A.  de  Altamirano,  Chile;  Teresa  Prats  de  Sarratea,  Chile; 
William  Francis  Rice,  United  States:  "Tendencies  in  the  education  of  woman 
befitting  the  social  mission  that  she  has  to  perform  in  America." 

J.  Chavez,  Chile;  Patrick  J.  Kenny,  Chile;  Luis  Caviedes,  Chile;  German  Peters, 
Chile;  Jose  Ramon  Vargas,  Chile:  "Foreign  languages  that  should  be  studied  in 
America." 

S.  Doc.  64,  61-1 4 


50  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

Tomas  Guevara,  Chile;  Arturo  Pardo  Correa,  Chile:  "To  what  extent  may  classical 
culture  be  employed  advantageously  in  American  education." 

Elias  Leiva,  Costa  Rica;  Margarita  Saa,  Chile;  Luis  Caviedes,  Chile:  "What  is  the 
best  method  of  determining  proficiency  in  educational  work." 

Teodoro  Jahn,  Brazil;  Elvira  Lopez,  Argentine  Republic;  Romulo  J.  Pena,  Chile; 
Abraham  Valenzuela,  Chile;  Jose  A.  Campos,  Chile;  Ernesto  Courtois  Bonencontre, 
Chile;  Teresa  Prats  de  Sarratea,  Chile;  Brigida  Walker,  Chile:  "The  importance  of 
aesthetic  culture  in  the  general  education  of  children." 

Leotard  o  Matus,  Chile:  "Physical  culture  in  primary,  secondary,  and  normal  schools, 
and  in  institutions  of  higher  education." 

Guillermina  von  K.  de  Froemel,  Chile;  Juan  A.  Lopez,  Chile:  "School  architecture." 

Joaquin  Cabezas,  Chile;  Ester  Hurtado,  Chile:  "After-school  activities;  means  of 
coordinating  their  forces,  and  achieving  their  educational  purposes  as  fully  as  pos- 
sible in  the  threefold  sense  of  instruction  (by  means  of  lectures,  complete  courses, 
physical  education,  etc.)  amusement,  (sports,  excursions,  school  entertainments, 
etc.),  and  solidarity  (cooperation,  mutual  aid,  study  and  instrument  boxes,  etc.)." 

William  R.  Shepherd,  United  States:  "The  adaptation  of  teaching  to  the  American 
social  medium." 

Luis  Echeverria  Cazotte,  Chile:  "The  desirability  of  providing  for  the  development  of 
primary  education  by  the  use  of  funds  especially  devoted  to  this  purpose." 

Dario  E.  Salas,  Chile:  "What  subjects  should  be  included  under  the  head  of  primary 
education  in  America.  To  what  extent  may  the  primary  education  of  both  sexes 
be  differentiated?  " 

Rafael  Diaz  Lira,  Chile;  Dario  E.  Salas,  Chile:  "Conditions  under  which  it  might  be 
desirable  to  recognize  the  certificates  of  qualification  granted  to  primary  and  sec- 
ondary school  teachers  among  the  various  nations  of  America." 

Nicetas  Krziwan,  Chile;  Romulo  J.  Pena,  Chile;  Eduardo  Castro,  Chile;  Demetrio 
Concha,  Chile;  Eduardo  Lamas,  Chile:  "The  practical  tendency  that  primary 
instruction  might  have  without  detriment  to  the  general  objects  at  which  it  aims." 

Dario  E.  Salas,  Chile;  Arturo  Pardo  Correa,  Chile:  "The  correlation  of  primary  and 
secondary  education." 

Maria  F.  MacDougall,  Chile:  "How  should  the  primary  schools  in  the  American 
Republics  be  organized  so  as  to  contribute  to  the  complete  assimilation  of  the 
descendants  of  foreigners  into  the  national  life? ' ' 

Leopoldina  M.  de  Trupp,  Chile;  Manuel  Retamal  Balboa,  Chile:  "The  importance  of 
the  kindergarten." 

Enrique  Molina,  Chile:  "What  classes  of  studies  should  constitute  the  fundamental 
basis  or  organic  center  of  secondary  education  in  the  several  communities  of 
America?  " 

Luis  Vargas  Salcedo,  Chile:  "  Ideas  that  should  prevail  in  the  organization  of  a  medi- 
cal service  for  schools." 

Luis  Flores  Fernandez,  Chile;  Manual  J.  Soto,  Chile:  "  Organization  of  the  instruction 
of  abnormal  children." 

Caroline  Burson,  United  States  and  Chile:  "The  desirability  of  devoting  a  part  of  the 
time  assigned  by  the  schedule  to  each  branch  in  the  later  years  of  secondary  instruc- 
tion to  the  performance  of  individual  work  on  the  part  of  the  pupil  in  libraries  and 
laboratories,  and  thus  render  his  own  cooperation  in  his  education  more  intense." 

Inez  Ewing  Brown,  United  States  and  Chile;  Julio  Chavez,  Chile;  Benjamin  Jimenez, 
Chile;  Dario  Castro,  Chile;  Luis  Caviedes,  Chile;  Gutemberg  Lagos,  Chile:  "The 
necessity  of  teaching  modern  languages  in  such  a  manner  that,  while  proficiency  in 
speaking  them  is  being  attained,  the  pupil  may  be  rendered  capable  of  using  foreign 
literature  for  professional  purposes." 

Victor  R.  Celis,  Chile;  Guillermo  Gonzalez,  Chile;  Agustin  Cannobbio,  Chile:  "The 
desirability  of  replacing,  in  part  at  least,  the  use  of  anthologies  by  the  reading  in 
extenso  of  select  classical  works." 

Luis  Flores  Fernandez,  Chile :  "  The  educational  value  of  manual  training  in  secondary 
schools." 

Dario  E.  Salas,  Chile;  Arturo  del  Solar,  Chile:  "The  organization  of  vacation  courses 
for  the  purpose  of  modernizing  the  knowledge  acquired  in  universities  and  normal 
schools." 

Francisco  Araya  Bennett,  Chile;  Luis  Galdames,  Chile:  "  The  desirability  of  introduc- 
ing commercial  education  into  the  primary,  secondary,  and  higher  grades,  to  meet 


Francisco 
carried  on  in  professional  schools  for  girls? 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  51 

Aurelio  Rubio  and  Manuel  Soto  Vivanco,  Chile:  "Improvement  schools  for  work- 
men." 

Lina  Mollet,  Chile:  "Ambidexterity  in  education." 

Luis  Echeverria  Cazotte  and  Carlos  D.  Girola,  Chile:  "Degrees  suitable  for  agri- 
cultural education  on  the  American  Continent." 

Daniel  Martner,  Chile:  "The  training  of  teachers  for  agricultural  and  special  instruc- 
tion." 

Dora  Keen,  United  States:  "Trained  nurses  in  the  medical  inspection  of  schools." 

Clemen te  L.  Beltran,  Mexico:  "The  intuitive  process;  its  pedagogical  classification; 
its  scientific  bases;  when  and  how  it  should  be  employed;  its  history  and  its  double 
aspect;  its  appearance  in  Mexico." 

Inez  Ewing  Brown,  United  States  and  Chile:  "The  desirability  of  adapting  the 
courses  in  foreign  languages  according  to  the  practical  application  that  each  may 
have,  in  certain  cases  confining  the  course  to  translation,  in  others  offering  separate 
courses  in  translation  or  conversation,  and  adhering  to  the  common  practice  of 
including  both  in  a  single  course  in  those  cases  only  where  utility  may  render  it 
advisable." 

Francisco  Figueroa,  Mexico:  "Phonetics  as  the  basis  of  modern  methods  for  the 
teaching  of  reading,  writing,  and  the  need  of  spelling  reform." 

Dora  Keen,  United  States:  "The  desirability  of  granting  subventions  to  mothers 
dependent  upon  their  children  for  support,  thus  enabling  the  latter  to  continue 
their  school  work." 

Eleuterio  Flores,  Chile:  "The  organization  of  instruction  in  typewriting." 

Samuel  Garcia,  Mexico:  "Abstraction  and  analysis  in  logical  processes." 

Lina  Mollet,  Chile;  Julio  Onel,  Chile:  "The  practical  application  of  drawing  in 
professional  schools  for  girls." 

Porfirio  Parra,  Mexico:  "The  distribution  of  logical  matter." 

Jose  E.  Pedroza,  Mexico:  "International  education;  the  desirability  of  establishing 
it." 

Mariano  Poncela,  Mexico:  "Education  of  the  Indians  in  Spanish-American  countries. 
Should  history  be  studied  in  primary  schools?  " 

Tomas  Rios  Gonzalez,  Chile:  "Psychological  notes  on  science  and  religion." 

Domingo  Villalobos,  Chile:  "Vacation  school  colonies." 

Victor  Mancilla,  Chile:  "Variety  in  the  composition  and  use  erf  the- text-book  in 
teaching.  Remarks  on  certain  tendencies,  old  and  new,  in  the  teaching  of  the 
mother  tongue.  Education  as  based  upon  the  parallelism  between  the  evolution 
of  the  individual  and  that  of  the  species." 

Jose  Ramon  Vargas,  Chile:  "The  causes  of  illiteracy  in  adults,  and  the  means  of  avoid- 
ing it." 

Luis  Vargas  Salcedo,  Chile:  "The  school  of  Frau  Geanne  van  Olden varnevelt;" 
and,  "We  do  not  know  how  to  breathe;  the  necessity  for  training  the  organs  of 
respiration." 

Emeterio  Vargas  Barrera,  Chile:  "A  general  study  of  the  deaf  and  dumb." 

Maria  Solis  Munoz,  Mexico:  "The  school  schedule." 

Claro  P.  Dassen,  Argentine  Republic:  "Notes  on  Esperanto  as  the  auxiliary  interna- 
tional language." 

Estanislao  Fraga,  Chile:  "The  need  of  adopting  an  international  language  as  a  means 
for  the  diffusion  of  scientific  knowledge." 

Victor  Domingo  Silva  E.,  Chile:  "A  critical  essay  on  the  teaching  of  the  mother 
tongue." 

Luis  Arce  Lacaze,  Chile:  "Defects  surviving  in  the  educational  systems  of  to-day  and 
measures  that  might  be  proposed  for  their  removal." 

Carlos  Veas  Salazar,  Chile:  "Ideographic  writing." 

Luis  Galdames,  Chile:  "Should  the  professional  teaching  of  business  be  carried  on 
without  reference  to  that  general  knowledge  which  forms  the  basis  of  culture,  which 
admits  of  a  degree  of  intellectual  maturity,  and  which  renders  learning  more  effica- 
cious? Or  should  the  programme  rest  solely  upon  what  that  teaching  may  itself 
afford?" 

Rafael  Acuiia,  Chile:  "The  library  in  the  normal  school." 

Juande  Dios  Aguilera,  Chile:  "Subjection  in  the  school,  and  the  education  of  woman." 

Juan  Ramon  Andrade  M.,  Chile:  "The  general  education  of  children." 

Aurora  Argomedo,  Chile:  "How  should  the  women  of  America  be  educated  so  as  prop- 
erly to  fulfill  their  destiny?  " 

Leonidas  Banderas  Le  Brun,  Bolivia:  "A  new  French  reader  for  the  practical  teach- 
ing of  languages,  and  methodological  notes  on  the  teaching  of  foreign  languages," 

Antonio  Borques  Solar,  Chile:  ''Song  book  of  the  archipelago," 


52  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

Jorje  Braiies,  Chile;  Rafaela  Casas  Cordero,  Chile:  "The  formation  of  collections  of 
pictures,  maps,  and  other  school  material  for  the  teaching  of  history,  geography, 
and  other  branches. ' ' 

Roberto  Brenes  Mese"n,  Costa  Rica:  "The  school  of  to-day." 

Pedro  P.  Canales,  Chile:  "Libraries  of  secondary  education." 

Dario  Castro,  Chile:  "Spanish  semasiology." 

Eduardo  Castro,  Chile:  "Moral  education." 

Claudio  Chamorro,  Chile:  "Industrial  schools  in  Chile." 

Eloisa  Diaz,  Chile:  "  School  canteens,  and  the  organization  of  an  agency  for  destitute 
children." 

Ismael  Larrain  Mancheno,  Chile:  "The  organization  of  an  agency  for  destitute  chil- 
dren." 

Ines  Echeverria  de  Larrain,  Chile:  "The  importance  of  higher  education  in  art  in  the 
institutions  of  public  instruction." 

Macario  Escobari,  Bolivia:  "The  mechanical  primer." 

Arturo  Fernandez  Pradel,  Chile:  "The  necessity  and  importance  of  evening  schools 
for  workmen." 

Eleodoro  Flores,  Chile:  "Select  rules  and  Chilean  orthography." 

Otto  Krause,  Argentine  Republic:  "Industrial  education  in  the  Argentine  Republic." 

Baudilio  Lagos,  Chile:  "The  teaching  staff  in  secondary  education,  and  tendencies  in 
the  education  of  woman  befitting  the  social  mission  that  she  has  to  perform  in 
America." 

Fabian  Lobos,  Chile:  "Lessons  in  penmanship  according  to  the  English  method; 
short  lessons  in  penmanship  according  to  the  upright  or  hygienic  method;  and 
what  a  skilled  cajigraphic  report  ought  to  contain." 

Victor  Mansilla,  Chile:  "New  education.  The  teaching  of  the  mother  tongue  accord- 
ing to  the  new  tendencies,  and  the  composition  and  use  of  the  text-book  of  the 
future." 

The  ministries  of  public  instruction  of  Bolivia,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru:  "Data  in 
reference  to  public  instruction." 

Gaspar  Moll,  Chile:  "How  drawing  should  be  taught  in  secondary  schools." 

Arturo  Pardo  Correa,  Chile:  "How  the  cost  of  education  should  be  met." 

Teresa  Prats  de  Sarratea,  Chile:  "Schools  of  domestic  art  and  science." 

Alfredo  Ramos  Montero,  Uruguay:  "Agricultural  education  in  the  normal  schools 
of  Montevideo." 

Francisco  Antonio  Saavedra,  Chile:  "A  classified  scheme  of  literature,  science,  and 
art  for  a  Chilean  encyclopedia  based  upon  a  uniform  system  of  professional 
knowledge." 

Dario  E.  Salas,  Chile:  "Means  for  an  improvement  in  the  preparation  of  the  primary- 
school  teacher." 

Luis  A.  Solis,  Chile:  "The  determination  of  the  center  of  gravity  in  the  human  body. " 

Rodolfo  Valenzuela,  Chile:  "Is  it  desirable  to  establish  the  coeducational  system  of 
primary  instruction  in  the  centers  of  large  population?" 

Adriana  Valdivia,  Chile:  "The  normal  school  as  a  national  institution." 

Floriza  Videla,  Chile:  "Agricultural  education  in  the  normal  school." 

German  Wichhardt,  Chile:  "How  the  teaching  of  physics  and  chemistry  in  the  pri- 
mary schools  may  be  made  practical." 

Roberto  Zapata,  Bojivia:  "The  elements  of  Wundt's  experimental  psychology." 

Francisco  Zapata  Lillo,  Chile:  "The  'croquis'  in  the  teaching  of  foreign  languages, 
and  slang  (lenguaje  argotico)  in  the  teaching  of  foreign  languages. " 

Hipolito  Contreras,  Chile:  "The  qualities  that  a  language  should  possess  in  order  to 
secure  its  international  adoption,  and  the  graphic  stellar  system  in  Esperanto." 

Augusto  Biaut,  Chile:  "Esperanto  as  a  language  possessing  the  qualities  that  should 
lead  to  its  adoption  as  an  auxiliary  international  tongue. " 

Jose  Novoa  Orellana,  Chile:  "A  mechanical  system  for  the  teaching  of  Esperanto  by 
means  of  movable  disks. " 

Eduardo  Fabres,  Chile:  "The  necessity  for  the  adoption  of  an  international  language 
as  a  means  of  world  communication." 

Alejandro  Canas  Pinochet,  Chile:  "A  study  of  the  Veliche  tongue." 

Antonio  Vidal,  Argentine  Republic:  "School  hygiene  and  pedagogical  psycho- 
physiology  in  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  scientific  phenomena  in  American 
society.  Hygienic  education ;  the  national  school  and  the  sanitary  crusade.  Social 
and  public  hygiene;  its  progress  in  American  countries;  a  proposition  concerning 
its  condition  absolute  and  relative. " 


PAN-AMEKICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGKESS.  53 

REPORT   ON    SUBSECTION    17 — FINE    ARTS,  BY  MR.  W.  H.  HOLMES. 

The  papers  presented  to  this  section  were  as  follows: 
Marcial  Martinez  de  Ferrari,  Chile:  "Study  of  the  influence  of  the  fine  arts  in  our 

civilization." 

S.  Alberto  Mackenna}  Chile:  "Influence  of  the  fine  arts  in  education." 
R.  Guillermo  Eyzaguirre,  Chile : ' '  Distinctive  characteristics  of  the  literature  of  America 

as  compared  with  that  of  Europe." 

Jorge  Huneeus,  Chile:  " Historical .review  of  the  intellectual  effort  of  Chile." 
Eduardo  Poirier,  Guatemala:  "Science  and  letters  in  Guatemala." 
Carlos  Silva  Vildosola,  Chile :  ' '  The  press  of  the  American  nations  as  the  best  means  of 

cementing  the  bonds  between  them." 
Moises  Montt,  Chile:  "Journalism  in  America." 
Francisco  Risopatron,  Chile:  "Origin  of  the  Spanish  language  and  of  its  idioms  and 

richness." 
Adolfo  Urzua  Rozas,  Chile:  "Measures  which  tend  to  prevent  the  corruption  of  the 

Castilian  tongue  and  which  augment  its  richness  in  vocables  used  by  educated 

people  in  America  who  speak  that  tongue." 


APPENDIX  O. 

Report  on  Section  IX.     Agronomy  and  Zootechnics,  by  Mr.  George  M. 

Rommel. 

The  section  on  agronomy  and  zpotechnics  opened  its  session  on  Saturday,  Decem- 
ber 26,  with  an  attendance  of  32,  including  officers  and  visitors.  Daily  sessions  were 
held,  except  on  Sunday  and  New  Year's  Day. 

The  officers  were  Salvador  Izquierdo,  S.,  president;  Julio  Besnard,  vice-president, 
and  Jose  A.  Alfonso  and  R.  Rojas  Huneeus,  secretaries.  As  was  commonly  done  in 
other  sections,  various  delegates  were  invited  to  preside  over  the  different  meetings. 
The  affairs  of  the  section  were  quite  well  conducted,  the  work  of  the  active  secretary, 
Senor  R.  Rojas  Huneeus,  being  especially  efficient. 

The  subject  of  agricultural  education  occupied  the  greater  amount  of  time  of  the 
section,  perhaps  three-fourths  of  the  discussion  being  on  this  topic.  The  enthusiasm 
was  marked  and  the  fact  is  important  as  showing  the  growing  interest  in  the  subject 
in  La  tin- American  countries. 

Senor  Julio  Besnard,  of  Chile,  presented  the  first  paper  on  agricultural  education. 
He  recommended  that  advanced  agricultural  education  be  given  the  character  of 
university  instruction. 

Dr.  Ricardo  Huergo,  chief  of  the  division  of  education  in  the  Argentine  ministry  of 
agriculture,  followed  with  an  elaborate  presentation  of  a  plan  for  agricultural  educa- 
tion which  contemplated  the  development  of  a  complete  system  from  the  institute 
and  extension  systems  common  in  North  America  to  the  full-fledged  undergraduate 
course.  His  plan  was  divided  into  four  parts:  (1)  Advanced  agricultural  education, 
(2)  secondary  agricultural  education,  (3)  practical  agricultural  education,  and  (4) 
extension  (extensiva)  agricultural  education.  Doctor  Huergo  also  strongly  advised 
the  obligatory  study  of  English  in  all  advanced  agricultural  schools. 

A  paper  by  Senor  Ramon  Montero  (Uruguay)  was  read  on  "Agricultural  instruction 
in  the  normal  schools  for  teachers  in  Montevideo,"  in  which  the  writer  recommended 
that  agricultural  instruction  be  given  in  primary  country  schools,  and  even  in  schools 
in  cities  in  agricultural  districts,  and  that  teachers  should  be  trained  in  the  normal 
schools  so  that  they  could  give  this  instruction. 

Senor  Maximo  Jeria  (Chile)  presented  a  paper  on  "  Grades  which  may  be  established 
in  agricultural  education  on  the  American  Continent, ' '  in  which  he  advised  the  division 
of  this  section  of  pedagogy  into  three  grades:.  (1)  Advanced,  (2)  secondary,  and  (3)  pri- 
mary. He  pointed  out  that,  in  his  opinion,  advanced  agricultural  education  should 
be  designed  for  the  training  of  men  capable  of  conducting  research  work  in  the 
various  branches  of  agricultural  science;  that  secondary  education  should  be  for  the 
training  of  skilled  farmers,  and  the  schools  so  designated  should  be  more  or  less  local 
in  character;  and  that  primary  education  should  give  boys  and  girls  in  the  rural 
schools  a  practical  idea  of  plant  growth  and  of  the  best  methods  to  use  in  simple 
farm  and  garden  operations. 

In  all  the  discussions  and  papers  on  the  subject  it  was  made  clear  that  agricultural 
educational  institutions  should'  be  not  only  well  equipped  with  laboratories  for  class 
use,  but  that  they  should  be  in  close  touch  with  agricultural  experiment  stations, 
and  preferably  should  have  farms  attached  to  them  of  sufficient  extent  to  carry  on 
field  investigations. 

The  conclusions  and  recommendations  of  this  section  show  that  an  amalgamation  of 
the  different  ideas  presented  was  effected.  It  is  very  much  to  be  regretted,  how- 
ever, that  Doctor  Huergo's  recommendation  in  regard  to  the  compulsory  study  of 
English  in  advanced  schools  was  not  favorably  acted  upon.  In  view  of  the  impor- 
tance of  the  North  American  agricultural  experiment  stations,  both  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  and  the  probability  of  applying  their  results  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree  throughout  the  New  World,  students  in  Latin  America  would  find  a  knowl- 
edge of  English  greatly  to  their  advantage  in  pursuing  research  work  in  agriculture. 
Without  such  knowledge  a  very  large  amount  of  scientific  information  is  not  available 
to  them. 

54 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS.  55 

The  zootechnic  branch  of  the  section  was  represented  by  a  relatively  small  number 
of  papers,  but  this  number  included  some  very  good  ones.  A  paper  by  Drs.  Heraclio 
Rivas  and  Cesar  Zanelli,  of  the  University  of  La  Plata  (Argentine  Republic),  was  read, 
describing  the  poisoning  of  horses  in  the  northern  provinces  of  Argentina  by  the 
mycelium  of  a  fungus  found  in  Festuca  hieronyme.  The  symptoms  appear  to  be  simi- 
lar to  those  found  in  cases  of  poisoning  of  horses  in  the  United  States  due  to  their 
eating  hay  containing  the  plant  commonly  known  as  the  "horsetail"  (Equisete). 
Affected  horses  show  pronounced  paralysis  and  gradually  lose  the  power  of  locomo- 
tion. The  affection  is  known  in  Argentina  as  "La  Tembladera." 

Dr.  Ramon  Bidart,  of  the  division  of  animal  industry  of  the  Argentine  ministry 
of  agriculture,  presented  a  detailed  paper  on  tuberculosis,  in  which  he  presented  a 
resume  of  European  work  and  gave  complete  data  on  the  subject  gathered  by  the 
Argentine  Government.  Doctor  Bidart's  conclusions  were  (1)  that  the  American 
governments  should  combat  bovine  tuberculosis  to  increase  the  animal  wealth  and 
protect  human  health;  (2)  that  measures  designed  to  eradicate  this  disease  in  coun- 
tries of  large  live-stock  production  should  be  carried  out  on  liberal  lines,  the  greatest 
efforts  for  eradication  being  directed  toward  herds  from  which  food  products,  such 
as  milk  and  beef,  are  derived;  (3)  that  injections  of  tuberculin  are  not  practicable  of 
application  to  animals  which  are  not  stabled;  and  (4)  that  the  presence  of  glandular 
affection  of  tuberculosis  in  one  individual  in  the  abattoir  signifies  nothing  in  itself 
with  respect  to  the  general  condition  of  an  entire  herd  of  cattle,  tuberculosis  being 
a  disease  whose  local  affections  are  most  frequently  found  in  those  organs. 

On  the  subject  of  national  sanitary  police,  Doctor  Bidart  recommended  strongly 
the  adoption  of  sanitary  animal  police  laws  in  live-stock  countries,  and  urged  the 
necessity  for  the  uniformity  of  such  laws  in  neighboring  countries.  He  also  sug- 
gested the  desirability  of  improving  cattle  within  the  areas  infected  with  Texas 
fever  cattle  tick  (Boophilus  annulatus),  such  improvement  having  for  its  object  the 
relief  of  cattle  raisers  in  such  areas  from  the  necessity  of  going  to  uninfected  areas 
for  breeding  stock. 

Dr.  Fernando  Lahille  (Argentine  Republic)  presented  some  interesting  notes  on 
the  life  history  of  the  Texas  fever  cattle  tick,  on  alpaca  breeding  and  on  fisheries. 
He  urged  the  necessity  for  South  American  countries  to  pass  laws  for  the  protection 
of  the  alpaca  and  similar  animals,  and  for  the  establishment  of  breeding  stations 
where  they  could  be  studied  and  improved  according  to  scientific  principles.  In 
regard  to  fisheries,  Doctor  Lahille  recommended  the  establishment  of  laboratories 
in  South  American  countries  for  the  study  of  marine  fauna,  with  the  special  object 
of  encouraging  the  fishing  industry,  and  suggested  the  desirability  of  adopting  uni- 
form laws  throughout  South  America  for  its  regulation.  He  also  recommended  that 
American  naturalists  confer  regarding  the  nomenclature  of  fishes  in  the  Western 
Hemisphere  and  methods  of  measuring  and  describing  them. 

The  subject  of  veterinary  education  received  attention  from  Dr.  Clodomiro  Griffin, 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  agronomy  and  veterinary  science  in  the  University  of  La  Plata 
(Argentine  Republic),  who  presented  a  paper  outlining  an  ideal  course  in  veterinary 
science,  and  from  Dr.  P.  Berges  (Argentine  Republic),  who  presented  a  resolution 
recommending  that  all  American  countries  which  have  not  already  done  so  provide 
for  such  instruction. 

On  miscellaneous  subjects  some  interesting  suggestions  were  presented.  Dr. 
Ricardo  Huergo  (Argentine  Republic)  discussed  the  advisability  of  ' '  Extensive  inves- 
tigations to  establish  the  relation  existing  between  the  absorbent  power  of  soils  and 
fertility  as  a  basis  for  the  determination  of  the  latter."  Senor  R.  Rojas  Huneeus 
(Chile)  urged  the  establishment  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  in  countries  not 
yet  having  such  institutions,  and  presented  a  detailed  paper  on  the  growth  and 
development  of  such  institutions  throughout  the  world.  Senor  Rafael  Uribe  y  Uribe 
(Colombia)  and  Maximo  Jena  (Chile)  urged  the  organization  into  ministries  of  agri- 
culture of  the  work  of  the  different  American  Governments  which  aim  to  foster  and 
encourage  agriculture.  Senor  Victorino  Rojas  Magallanes  recommended  the  estab- 
lishment of  bureaus  of  agricultural  statistics  in  the  different  countries,  and  made  a 
suggestion  that  is  of  particular  interest  to  citizens  of  the  United  States — that  the 
Bureau  of  American  Republics  take  steps  to  have  translated  into  Spanish  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  Latin-America  the  Yearbook  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  such  other  reports  or  bulletins  of  the  department  as  would  be  inter- 
esting to  Latin-American  farmers  and  stock  raisers. 

A  short  paper  by  Director  F.  II.  Newell,  of  the  United  States  Reclamation  Service, 
was  read  on  "The  reclamation  of  arid  lands  in  the  United  States."  Mr.  Newell 
showed  concisely  the  steps  through  which  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands  has  been  devel- 
oped, and  presented  the  fundamental  principles  on  which  the  work  of  the  United 
States  Government  is  based. 


56  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

The  recommendations  adopted  by  the  section  were  as  follows: 
Agricultural  education,  for  its  development,  should  be  divided  into  three  grades: 
Higher,  secondary,  and  elementary-practical. 

A.  Higher  agricultural  education: 

(1)  The  section  of  agronomy  and  zootechnics  declares  that  it  regards  as  indispensa- 
ble that  the  American  countries  which  have  not  already  done  so  give  to  higher 
education  in  agriculture  the  character  of  university  instruction. 

To  this  end,  a  faculty  of  agronomy  should  be  established  with  due  provision  that 
the  institutions  which  give  this  instruction  are  supplied  with  the  necessity  labora- 
tories and  are  located  on  property  of  their  own,  in  which  said  instruction  can  be  amply 
applied  and  demonstrated. 

B.  Secondary  education: 

The  instruction  of  a  secondary  character  should  be  theoretical  and  practical,  and 
should  be  distinguished  by  its  local  character,  confining  especially  the  work  done 
to  the  branches  of  agriculture  peculiar  to  the  region  in  which  they  are  situated,  and 
developing  the  teaching  of  them  under  a  local  management.  The  institutions  which 
give  this  instruction  should  be  established  on  farm  properties  of  sufficient  extent, 
conveniently  located,  and  adapted  to  an  economical  developemnt  so  as  to  train  agri- 
culturists and  specialists  capable  of  directing  work  on  a  rural  establishment. 

C.  Practical-elementary  education. 

The  practical-elementary  education  should  be  local  and  made  specific  in  certain 
branches  of  agronomic  science  best  suited  to  local  application,  developing  the  work 
in  detail  and  supplying  the  proper  explanations  as  each  act  is  performed,  in  all  the 
operations  which  deal  with  the  planting,  development,  and  management  of  a  farm 
property  of  the  kind  and  importance  which  the  school  should  have  in  mind. 

D.  In  order  to  complete  agricultural  education,  the  American  countries  should 
keep  in  view — 

(1)  Supplementary  establishments  for  agricultural  and  experimental  development, 
auch  as  agricultural  experiment  stations,  laboratories  of  vegetable  pathology  and 
vitology,  special  stations,  agricultural  statistics,  etc. 

(2)  With  the  development  of  extension  teaching  through  the  medium  of  demonstra- 
tion farms,  by  the  aid  of  local  farmers,  and,  in  general,  by  all  the  means  of  propaganda 
which  enable  agricultural  instruction  to  reach  the  farmer  himself  so  as  to  guide  him  in 
his  work. 

E.  The  secondary  and  practical-elementary  agricultural  instruction,  as  well  as  the 
different  activities  involved  in  official  agricultural  propaganda,  should  be  organized 
systematically  in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  country,  and  should  be  placed  in 
charge  of  the  executive  power,  for  the  attainment  of  which  purpose  the  Government 
should  possess  a  central  administrative  mechanism,  capable  of  regulating  the  system 
and  controlling  its  results,  a  ministry  of  agriculture,  with  its  dependencies,  being  the 
most  efficacious  of  all. 

F.  In  order  to  awaken  and  stimulate  a  desire  for  agricultural  study,  the  section  of 
agronomy  and  zootechnics  believes — 

(1)  That  the  primary  schools  in  the  country,  and  even  in  cities  in  agricultural 
districts,  should  include  compulsory  agricultural  education  as  an  integral  part  of  their 
course  of  study. 

(2)  That  in  the  courses  of  study  in  normal  schools,  instruction  in  theoretical  and 
applied  agriculture  should  be  included,  in  order  to  render  teachers  capable  of  giving 
such  instruction  in  the  primary  schools. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  papers  presented  in  the  section: 

Alfonso,  Jose  A.,  Chile:  ''Forests  and  forest  legislation." 
Amadeo,  Tomas,  Argentine  Republic:  "Agricultural  associations." 
Berges,  P.,  Argentine  Republic:  1.  "The  live-stock  resources  of  Latin-America, 
especially  Argentina."  2.  "Importance  of  improving  the  different  species  of 
animals  in  the  Argentine  Republic;  method  of  encouraging  this  in  the  Latin-Amer- 
ican countries."  3.  "Injurious  effects  of  the  neglect  shown  toward  the  improvement 
of  cattle  in  Latin- America;  means  of  remedying  it."  4.  "The  need  of  encouraging 
in  Latin-America  the  development  and  extension  of  the  refrigerating  industry  and  of 
refrigerator  transportation  for  the  advancement  of  various  rural  industries."  5. 
"  The  transformation  of  the  meat  trade  of  Latin-America  into  a  systematic  industry; 
its  condition,  present  and  future."  6.  "Project  for  the  establishment  of  a  per- 
manent committee  of  the  Latin-American  Congress." 

Besnard,  Julio,  Chile:  1.  "Instruction  in   zootechnics;  general   considerations  and 
programmes."    2.  "Preparation  of  students  for  advanced  agricultural  colleges; 
practical  agricultural  education."    3.  "Encouragement  of  animal  production." 
Bidart,  Dr.  Ramon,  Argentine  Republic:  1.  "Tuberculosis."    2.  "Sanitary  police 
laws." 


PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC   CONGRESS.  57 

Bretos,  Laureano,  Guatemala:  "Zootechnic  ideas." 

Briano,  Juan  A.,  Argentine  Republic:  "An  automatic  cattle  guard  for  railways." 

Brummer,  J.,  Argentine  Republic:  "Desiccation  of  fruits  and  vegetables;  evaporating 
ovens  and  apparatus." 

Conti,  Marcelo,  Argentine  Republic:  "The  mechanical  theory  of  a  new  j^low." 

Vallejo,  Carlos,  Chile:  1.  "The  action  of  chlorides  on  the  nitrates  of  the  soil."  2. 
"Artificial  pressure  with  various  salts  and  their  effect  on  the  growth  and  fruiting  of 
plants." 

Darel,  Dr.  Desiderio,  Argentine  Republic:  1.  "Economic  importance  of  the  alpaca 
and  similar  animals  in  Argentina."  2.  "Ostrich  breeding  in  the  countries  of 
America." 

De  Vinzac,  V.  Gase,  Argentine  Republic:  "Agricultural  bookkeeping." 

Division  de  Agricultura  of  the  Argentine  Government:  Work  accomplished  by  this 
division  in  the  year  1908. 

Escobar,  Romulo,  Mexico:  "Agricultural  education  in  Mexico." 

Gamboa,  Ezequiel,  Argentine  Republic:  "Nominal  accounts  in  agricultural  book- 
keeping." 

Girola,  Carlos,  Argentine  Republic:  1.  "Cultivation  of  industrial  plants  in  the  Argen- 
tine Republic."  2.  "Notes  on  Argentine  fruit  culture."  3.  "The  cultivation  of 
the  peach  in  the  Argentine  Republic."  4.  "Degrees  which  may  be  established  in 
agricultural  education  on  the  American  continent." 

Griffin,  Clodomiro,  Argentine  Republic:  "A  plan  of  instruction  in  veterinary  medi- 
cine." 

Guarch,  Susviela,  Uruguay:  1.  "The  nutrition  of  animals."  2.  "Industries  in  gen- 
eral and  the  live-stock  industry  in  particular." 

Henriquez,  Carlos,  Chile:  "Sketch  of  the  saltpeter  propaganda  in  the  Argentine 
Republic." 

Huergo,  J.  N.,  Argentine  Republic:  "Diaspis  pentagona  in  the  Argentine  Republic." 

Huergo,  Ricardo,  Argentine  Republic:  1.  "Advanced  agricultural  education."  2. 
"Special  agricultural  education."  3.  "Practical  agricultural  education."  4. 
"Extension  agricultural  education."  5.  "The  soil  in  agriculture." 

Huneeus,  F.  Rojas,  Chile:  "Development  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  in  the 
principal  countries  and  their  influence  on  agricultural  progress." 

Jeria,  Maximo,  Chile:  1.  "Degrees  which  may  be  established  in  agricultural  educa- 
tion on  the  American  continent."  2.  "Economic  characteristics  of  the  agricultural 
industry  compared  with  the  textile  and  manufacturing  industries."  3.  "The 
encouragement  of  agriculture." 

Lahille,  Fernando,  Argentine  Republic:  1.  "Fecundity  of  the  Texas  fever  cattle 
tick :  An  account  of  some  important  periods  of  its  life . "  2 .  "  Breeding  the  alpaca . ' ' 
3.  "Observations  concerning  fishes  and  fisheries." 

Le  Feunre,  Rene,  Chile:  "Motion  on  the  study  of  Anthropotechnics  (Eugenics)." 

Magallanes,  Victorino  Rojas,  Chile:  "Chilean  legislation  on  agricultural  statistics." 

Medina,  Guillermo,  Chile:  "A  new  system  of  farming  adapted  to  arid  lands,  the 
methods  of  Salvador  Izquierdo,  S." 

Montero,  Alfredo  Ramon,  Uruguay:  1.  "Necessity  for  preserving  and  increasing  the 
forests  in  American  countries."  2.  "Agricultural  instruction  in  the  normal  schools 
in  Montevideo." 

Newell,  F.  H.,  United. States:  "The  reclaiming  of  arid  lands  in  the  United  States." 

Renom,  George  A.,  Argentine  Republic:  "Feeding  live  stock  for  export." 

Rivas,  Heraclio,  and  Zanelli,  Cesar,  Argentine  Republic:  "La  Tembladera,  a  dis- 
ease of  horses  in  the  northern  provinces  of  the  Argentine  Republic." 

Rommel,  George  M.,  United  States:  1.  "Methods  of  instruction  in  animal  husbandry 
in  the  agricultural  colleges  of  the  United  States."  2.  "Sanitary  animal  police  in 
the  United  States." 

Tonnelier,  Argentine  Republic:  "Contribution  to  the  study  of  means  to  combat  rust 
in  wheat." 

Torreggioni,  Jose,  Bolivia:  "Sanitary  veterinary  police  laws." 

Uribe  y  Uribe,  Rafael,  Colombia:  1.  "Monograph  on  the  banana."  2.  "Cultivation 
of  Hawa  rubber."  3.  "Necessity  for  departments  of  agriculture  in  America." 

Vidella,  Florisa,  Chile:  "Agricultural  instruction  in  normal  schools." 


APPENDIX  P. 

Names  of  the  Members. 

OFFICIAL   DELEGATION    OF  THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Chairman:  Dr.  L.  S.  Howe,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Vice-chairman:  Dr.  Paul  S.  Reinsch,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Dr.  Hiram  Bingham,  Yale  University. 

Dr.  Archibald  Gary  Coolidge,  Harvard  University. 

Col.  W.  C.  Gorgas,  U.  S.  Army. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Dr.  Bernard  Moses,  University  of  California. 

Mr.  George  M.  Rommel,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Dr.  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Columbia  University. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Smith,  Tulane  University. 

Secretary:  Mr.  Clarence  L.  Hay. 

Assistant  secretary:  Mr.  Charles  G.  Neumann. 

Second  assistant  secretary:  Mr.  Huntington  Smith. 

DELEGATES    OP  THE   ASSOCIATION    OF  AMERICAN   UNIVERSITIES. 

University  of  California,  Dr.  Bernard  Moses. 

University  of  Chicago,  Dr.  A.  A.  Michelson,  Dr.  J.  L.  Laughlin. 

Columbia  University,  Dr.  W.  R.  Shepherd. 

Cornell  University,  Air.  Orville  Adelbert  Derby. 

Harvard  University,  Dr.  Thomas  Barbour,  Dr.  Archibald  Gary  Coolidge,  Dr.  J.  B. 

Wood  worth. 

University  of  Illinois,  Mr.  A.  Hempel. 
University  of  Michigan,  Dr.  H.  D.  Curtis. 
,  University  of  Minnesota,  Dr.  C.  W.  Hall. 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe. 
Princeton  University,  Dr.  W.  E.  Browning. 
University  of  Wisconsin,  Dr.  Paul  S.  Reinsch. 
Yale  University,  Dr.  Hiram  Bingham. 

DELEGATES    OF   AMERICAN    UNIVERSITIES. 

University  of  California,  Dr.  Bernard  Moses. 

University  of  Chicago,  Dr.  A.  A.  Michelson,  Dr.  J.  L.  Laughlin. 

Columbia  University,  Dr.  W.  R.  Shepherd. 

Cornell  University,  Mr.  Orville  Adelbert  Derby. 

George  Washington  University,  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes. 

Harvard  University,  Dr.  Thomas  Barbour,  Dr.  Archibald  Gary  Coolidge,  Dr.  J.  B. 

Wood  worth. 

University  of  Illinois,  Mr.  Adolph  Hempel. 
University  of  Michigan,  Dr.  H.  D.  Curtis. 
University  of  Minnesota,  Dr.  C.  W.  Hall. 
Northwestern  University,  Dr.  W.  F.  Rice. 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe. 
Princeton  University,  Dr.  W.  E.  Browning. 
Tulane  University,  Dr.  W.  B.  Smith. 
University  of  Wisconsin,  Dr.  Paul  S.  Reinsch. 
Yale  University,  Dr.  Hiram  Bingham. 

DELEGATES    OF   OTHER   INSTITUTIONS. 

Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
Mr.  D.  E.  Salas,  National  Education  Association  of  the  United  States. 

58 


APPENDIX  Q. 

Personnel  of  Organization  Committee  and  Regulations  of  the  Pan- 
American  Scientific  Congress. 

COMMITTEE    ON    ORGANIZATION. 

Marcial  Martinez,  honorary  president;  Valentin  Letelier,  president;  vice-presidents 
Manuel  Eigidio  Ballesteros  and  Miguel  Cruchaga;  Eduardo  Poirier,  general  secretary; 
Octavio  Maira,  treasurer. 

Members:  Alejandro  Alvarez,  Luis  Espejo  Varas,  Jos6  Ramon  Gutierrez,  Anselmo 
Hevia  Riquelme,  Vicente  Izquierdo,  Alejandro  del  Rio,  Domingo  V.  Santa  Maria, 
Miguel  Varas. 

Augusto  Vicuna  S.,  assistant  secretary. 

REGULATIONS    OF   THE    FIRST  PAN-AMERICAN    SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE  1.  In  accordance  with  the  resolutions  of  the  Third  Latin-American  Scien- 
tific Congress  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  a  Fourth  Scientific  Congress  (First  Pan-American) 
will  meet  in  the  city  of  Santiago,  in  the  month  of  December,  1908,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Government  of  Chile. 

The  congress  will  open  on  the  25th  of  said  month  of  December,  and  adjourn  on  the 
5th  of  January,  1909. 

ART.  2.  The  work  of  organization  and  procedure  of  the  fourth  congress  shall  be  in 
charge  of  an  executive  committee  composed:  First,  of  members  appointed  by  the 
third  congress  at  the  full  session  held  on  August  16,  1905;  second,  of  members  elected 
by  the  said  committee. 

ART.  3.  The  executive  committee  shall  elect  the  officers  of  the  congress,  composed 
of  a  president,  two  vice-presidents,  a  general  secretary,  one  or  two  assistant  secretaries, 
a  treasurer,  and  an  assistant  treasurer. 

There  shall  also  be  interpreters,  clerks  for  the  secretary's  office,  and  such  other 
employees  as  may  be  deemed  necessary. 

Said  committee  shall  appoint  such  honorary  presidents  as  it  may  deem  advisable. 

ART.  4.  The  executive  committee  shall  be  subdivided  into  subcommittees,  each 
of  which  shall  be  composed  of  a  chairman  and  two  members  selected  by  said  executive 
committee. 

ART.  5.  The  duties  of  the  executive  committee  are: 

1.  To  arrange  for  the  fourth  congress  and  to  represent  it  with  the  Chilean  Govern- 
ment, the  universities,  and  other  scientific,  national,  and  foreign  corporations. 

2.  To  appoint,  at  the  capitals  of  the  American  States,  committees  whose  duties 
shall  be  to  cooperate  in  the  holding  of  the  congress,  to  prepare  the  list  of  the  persons 
to  be  invited  to  participate  in  its  proceedings,  to  procure  an  adequate  representation 
from  the  several  countries,  and  to  suggest  questions  as,  because  of  their  evident  Ameri- 
can interest,  should  be  submitted  to  the  congress. 

3.  To  authorize  disbursements  and  to  approve  accounts  before  being  presented  to 
the  proper  accounting  authority. 

4.  To  prepare  the  final  questions  to  be  propounded  in  accordance  with  the  reports 
presented  by  the  subcommittees. 

5.  To  prepare  a  list  of  names  of  the  members  of  the  congress,  in  conformity  with  the 
provisions  of  article  10. 

6.  To  appoint  such  spokesmen  as  may  be  necessary  to  set  forth  before  the  proper 
sections  the  status  of  the  question  on  such  official  topics  as  the  executive  board  may 
consider  of  special  interest. 

ART.  6.  After  the  election  of  the  officers  of  the  congress  the  aforesaid  committee 
shall  cease  to  exercise  its  functions,  but  shall  reassume  them  upon  the  adjournment 
of  the  congress.  It  shall  then  have  charge  of  the  publication  of  such  papers  as  may 
have  been  submitted,  and  shall  sufficiently  authorize  the  members  of  such  new 
committee  as  may  be  appointed  to  arrange  for  the  Fifth  Scientific  American  Congress. 

59 


60  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

ART.  7.  The  subcommittees  referred  to  in  article  4  shall  correspond  to  an  equal 
number  of  sections  of  the  congress,  and  shall  be  the  following: 

1.  On  pure  and  applied  mathematics. 

2.  On  physical  sciences. 

3.  On  natural,  anthropological,  and  ethnological  sciences. 

4.  On  engineering. 

5.  On  medical  science  and  hygiene. 

6.  On  juridical  science. 

7.  On  social  sciences. 

8.  On  the  sciences  of  pedagogy  and  of  philosophy. 

9.  On  agronomy  and  zootechnics. 

Each  subcommittee  may  be  subdivided  into  two  or  more  committees  when  deemed 
necessary,  and  two  or  more  subcommittees  may  become  a  single  committee. 
ART.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  subcommittee — 

1.  To  prepare  a  list  of  the  questions  to  be  propounded  to  the  proper  section. 

2.  To  prepare  a  list  of  the  members  of  the  same. 

3.  To  receive  and  classify  such  statements,  studies,  and  communications  as  are 
sent  to  the  section,  and  to  designate  the  reporting  member  thereof,  who  shall  inform 
the  Congress  of  the  views  of  the  committee  concerning  the  conclusions  adopted  by  it. 

4.  To  see  that  a  report  is  made  of  the  papers  sent  the  committee,  and  which  papers 
are  not  to  be  read  by  their  authors. 

5.  To  organize  the  proper  section. 

6.  To  receive  the  papers  from  the  proper  section  and  prepare  them  for  publication. 
ART.  9.  A  preliminary  session  of  the  congress  shall  be  held  within  three  days  of 

its  formal  opening,  in  order  to  approve  rules  and  regulations  for  the  congress  and  to 
select  the  final  officers  thereof. 

The  officers  of  the  executive  committee  shall  preside  at  these  preliminary  meet- 
ings. 

ART.  10.  The  following  persons  shall  be  regarded  as  members  of  the  congress: 

1.  The  official  delegates  of  the  countries  represented. 

2.  The  delegates  of  the  universities,  institutes,  societies,  and  scientific  centers  of 
the  countries  represented  as  well  as  of  other  countries  of  America. 

3.  Such  persons  as  attend  the  congress  invited  by  the  executive  committee,  on 
motion,  or  at  the  request  of  the  proper  subcommittees  or  of  the  committees  of  the 
different  countries. 

4.  The  supporters  of  the  congress  who  contribute  with  the  quota  of  £1  sterling,  and 
who  are  accepted  by  the  executive  committee. 

ART.  11.  All  the  members  of  the  congress  shall  be  entitled  to  attend  its  sessions,  to 
take  part  in  the  debates,  and  to  receive  a  copy  of  such  publications  as  the  executive 
committee  may  issue. 

ART.  12.  Before  the  proper  membership  card  is  issued  the  payment  of  the  quota 
referred  to  in  paragraph  4  of  article  10  shall  be  made  to  the  treasurer  of  the  executive 
committee,  after  the  proper  advice  of  the  general  secretary  or  of  the  respective  sub- 
committees. 

ART.  13.  Of  the  full  sessions  held  by  the  Congress,  the  opening  and  the  closing  ses- 
sions shall  be  formal  ones. 

The  subcommittees  shall  hold  separately  such  meetings  as  they  may  deem  neces- 
sary for  the  discussion  of  the  matters  submitted  to  them. 

ART.  14.  Such  Americans  as  have  become  prominent  in  the  field  of  science  may  be 
appointed  honorary  members  of  the  fourth  congress  whenever  the  executive  com- 
mittee deem  proper  to  confer  this  honor  upon  them. 

ART.  15.  Papers  for  the  congress  shall  be  received  as  late  as  September  30, 1908. 

Authors  of  papers  not  forwarding  the  same  in  due  time  should  forward  the  titles 
thereof  to  the  general  secretary  within  the  time  specified. 

ART.  16.  Each  subcommittee  shall  designate  at  the  proper  time  the  places,  insti- 
tutions, or  special  establishments  to  be  visited  by  the  members  of  the  congress,  and 
shall  indicate  how  these  visits  are  to  be  made. 

THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 


APPENDIX  R. 

Local  Committees  of  the  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress. 

COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEES   IN   THE    AMERICAN    REPUBLICS. 

Argentine  Republic. — Buenos  Aires:  Dr.  Eduardo  Aguirre,  Dr.  Juan  B.  Ambroseti, 
Dr.  Enrique  del  Area,  Dr.  Gregorio  Araoz  Alfaro,  Dr.  Marco  M.  Avollaneda,  Dr.  Rafael 
Calzada,  Dr.  Eliseo  Canton,  Adolfo  P.  Carranza,  Dr.  Alberto  Castano,  Dr.  Emilio  R. 
Coni,  Dr.  Adolfo  Davila,  Dra.  Petrona  Eyle,  Ventura  Fraga,  Dr.  Joaquin  V.  Gonzalez, 
Dra.  Cecilia  Grierson,  Dr.  Luis  A.  Huergo,  Dr.  Jose  Ingegnieros,  Dr.  Samuel  Lafone 
Quevedo,  Dr.  Manuel  Lainez,  Dr.  Benjamin  B.  Martinez,  Dr.  Jose  Nicolas  Matienzo, 
Emilio  Mitre,  Dr.  Francisco  P.  Moreno,  Dr.  Calixto  Oyuela,  Dr.  Ernesto  Quesada, 
Dr.  Rodolfo  Rivarola,  Dr.  Jenaro  Sisto,  Alberto  del  Solar,  Dr.  Eduardo  Talero,  Dr. 
Eufumio  Uballes,  Dr.  Mariano  Vedia,  Dr.  Carlos  Voga  Belgrano,  Dr.  Roberto  Wernicke. 
La  Plata:  Juan  Vucetich. 

Bolivia. — La  Paz:  Dr.  Natalio  Aramayo,  Fray  Nicolas  Armentia,  Obispo  de  la 
Paz,  Dr.  Alfredo  Ascarrunz,  Dr.  Moisos  Ascarrunz,  Dr.  Manuel  Vicente  Ballivian, 
Leonidas  Banderas  Le  Brun,  Dr.  Jose  M.  Camacho,  Arrival  Caprilos,  Dr.  Jose 
Carrasco,  Daniel  del  Castillo,  Belisario  Diaz. Romero,  Dr.  Jose  Maria  Eyzaguirre, 
Dr.  Eduardo  Idiaquez,  Dr.  Francisco  Iraizos,  Dr.  Arturo  Loayza,  Dr.  Manuel  B. 
Mariaca,  Dr.  Andres  S.  Munoz,  Dr.  Claudio  Pinilla,  Dr.  Macario  Pinilla,  Dr.  Jose  S. 
Quinteros,  Dr.  Bautista  Saavedra,  Dr.  Elias  Sagarnaga,  Dr.  Luis  Sainz,  Dr.  Daniel 
Sanchez  Bustamente,  Dr.  Claudio  San  Jines  T.,  Dr.  Juan  M.  Saracho,  Dr.  Rosendo 
Villalobos,  Dr.  Jose  G.  Villanueva.  Sucre:  Dr.  Valentin  Abocia. 

Brazil. — Rio  de  Janeiro:  Modeiros  e.  Albuquerque,  Candido  Mendes  de  Almeida, 
Machado  de  Assis,  Dr.  J.  C.  de  Souza  Bandeira,  Dr.  Clovis  Bevilacqua,  Olavo  Bilac, 
Dr.  Joaquin  de  Oliveira  Botelho,  Dra.  Myrthes  Gomes  de  Campos,  Dr.  Adherbal  de 
Carvalho,  Dr.  Affonso  Celso,  Dr.  Gaston  da  Cunha,  Dr.  Zeferino  de  Faria,  Dr.  Carlos 
Soares  Guimaraens,  Dr.  Humberto  Gotuzzo,  Dr.  Juan  B.  de  Lacerda,  Dr.  Solidonio 
Leite,  Dr.  Fernando  Magalhaes,  Dr.  Joao  Marques,  Joao  F.  de  Lima  Mindello,  Dr. 
Joaquin  Murtinho,  Marques  de  Paranagua,  Dr.  Antonio  Ferreira  de  Souza  Pitanga, 
Jose  Francisco  da  Rocha  Pombo,  Joaquin  Cardozo  de  Mello  Reis,  J.  Barboza  Rodrigues, 
J.  Americo  dos  Santos,  Dr.  Deodato  C.  Vilella  dos  Santos,  Coronel  Ernesto  Senna, 
Commendador  Joaquin  Cunha  da  Silva,  Manoel  Cicero  Pelegrino  da  Silva,  Simoens  da 
Silva,  Dr.  A.  A.  de  Azevedo  Sodre,  Goffredo  de  Escragnolles  Taunay,  Jose  Verissimo, 
Dr.  Manoel  Alvaro  de  Souza  Sa  Vianna.  Bello  Horizon te:  Dr.  Nelson  de  Senna. 
Campinas:  Dr.  Cesar  Bierrenbach,  Souza  Brito,  Andrade  Duarte,  Tito  de  Lemos, 
Alvaro  Miller,  Campos  Novaes.  Sao  Paulo:  Dr.  Carlos  Botelho,  Dr.  Leopoldo  de 
Freitas,  Dr.  Ferreira  Ramos. 

Colombia. — Dr.  Luis  Felipe  Calaeron,  Dr.  Miguel  Antonio  Caro,  Rafael  M.  Carras- 
quilla,  G.  Ceron  Camargo,  Rufino  Jose  Cuervo,  Ruperto  Ferreira,  Julio  Garavito, 
Dr.  Adolfo  Leon  Gomez,  Antonio  Jose  Iregui,  Dr.  Juan  E.  Manrique,  Dr.  Vicente 
Olarte  Camacho,  Dr.  Eduardo  Posada,  Carlos  E.  Pudnam,  Dr.  J.  M.  Rivas  Groot, 
Rafael  Rocha  Gutierrez,  Baldomero  Sarrio  Cano,  Marco  Fidel  Soarez,  Rafael  Tamayo, 
Dr.  Antonio  Jose  Uribe,  Santiago  Uribe,  Numael  Vasquez,  Francisco  Vergara  Velasco, 
Dr.  Liborio  Zerda. 

Costa  Rica. — Dr.  Luis  Anderson,  Roberto  Brenes  Mesen,  Justo  A.  Facio,  Dr.  Ricardo 
Gonzalez  Guardia,  Elias  Leiva,  Miguel  Obregon,  Dr.  Elias  Rojas,  Rafael  Angel  Troyo, 
Dr.  Antonio  Zambrana. 

Cuba. — Osvaldo  Bazil,  Armando  de  Cordova,  Dr.  Ricardo  Dolz  y  Arango,  Ramiro 
Hernandez  Portela,  Julio  Jover,  Manuel  Landa,  Manuel  S.  Pichardo,  Nicolas  Rivero, 
Federico  Uhrbach,  Aniceto  Valdivia. 

Dominican  Republic. — Rafael  Abreu  Licairac,  Dr.  Tulio  M.  Costero,  Fabio  Fiallo, 
Dr.  Enrique  Henriquez,  Dr.  Federico  Henriquez  y  Carvajal,  Dr.  Americo  Lugo, 
Pedro  Marin,  Gen.  Casimiro  N.  de  Moya,  Dr.  Apolinar  Tejera,  Dr.  Emiliano  Tejera. 

Ecuador. — Quito:  Dr.  Luis  Felipe  Borja,  Dr.  Manuel  M.  Casares,  Roberto  Espinosa, 
Arzobispo  Federico  Gonzalez  Suarez,  Victor  M.  Penaherrera,  Gualberto  Perez,  Miguel 
Valverdo.  Guayaquil:  Alfredo  Baquerizo  M.,  Dr.  Cesar  Borja,  Francisco  Campos, 
Manuel  A.  Campos,  Dr.  Carlos  Carbo  Viteri,  Dr.  Julian  Coronel,  Ramon  Flores  Onta- 

61 


62  PAN-AMERICAN   SCIENTIFIC    CONGRESS. 

neda,  Juan  Illingworth.  Ambato:  Augusto  N.  Martinez.  Cuenca:  Dr.  Rafael  M. 
Arizaga,  Dr.  Luis  Cordorp,  Dr.  Remijio  Crespo  Toral. 

Guatemala.— Dr.  Francisco  Anguiano,  Dr.  Antonio  Batres  Jauregui,  Iltmo.  Arzobispo 
Ricardo  Casanova  y  Estrada,  Lie.  Francisco  Contreras  B.,  Lie.  Ricardo  Contreras  B., 
Felipe  Estrada  Paniagua,  Dr.  Augustin  Gomez  Carrillo,  Lie.  Joaquin  Mendez,  Dr. 
Juan  J.  Ortega,  Dr.  Salvador  Ortega,  Jose  Joaquin  Palma,  Dr.  Ramon  A.  Salazar, 
Maximo  Soto  Hall,  Lie.  Emilio  Ubico,  Dr.  Manuel  Valle. 

Haiti. — Dr.  M.  Domond,  M.  Georges  Sylvain,  Dr.  M.  Jeanty,  M.  Lamartinier  Denis, 
M.  Murville  Ferere,  H.  Pauleus  Sannon. 

Honduras.— Dr.  Manuel  Francisco  Barahona,  Dr.  Policarpo  Bonilla,  Dr.  Jeremias 
Cisnerps,  Dr.  Emilio  Carrera,  Valentin  Duron,  E.  Constantino  Fiallos,  Lie.  Esteban 
Guardiola. 

Mexico. — Augustin  Aragon,  Manuel  Fernandez  Leal,  Dr.  Miguel  Macedo,  Dr. 
Pablo  Macedo,  Dr.  Gregorio  Mendizabal,  Dr.  Jesus  E.  Monjaras,  Juan  de  Dios  Peza, 
Dr.  Emilio  Pimentol,  Justo  Sierra,  Jesus  E.  Valenzuela,  Manual  Zapata  Vera. 

Nicaragua. — Managua:  Santiago  Arguello,  Jose  Dolores  Gamez,  I.  Matamoros  J., 
Dr.  Manuel  C.  Matus.  Leon:  Gustavo  Guzman.  Granada:  Carlos  Selva. 

Panama. — Dr.  Tomas  Arias,  Dr.  Julio  Arjona,  Dr.  Pablo  Arosemena,  Federico 
Boyd,  H.  Lupi,  Dr.  Belisario  Porras,  Dr.  Luis  de  Reux. 

Paraguay. — Danial  Anisits,  Dr.Cecilio  Baez,  Jose  S.  Decoud,  Dr.  Manuel  Dominguez, 
Dr.  Justo  P.  Duarte,  Manuel  Gondra,  Dr.  Teodosio  Gonzalez,  Jose  Jimeno,  Dr.  Manuel 
P.  Montero,  Juan  E.  O'Leary,  Ignacio  Pane,  Dr.  Hermenejildo  Roa,  Dr.  Guillermo 
Stewart,  Dr.  Juan  Vallory. 

Peru.— Dr.  Francisco  Almenara  Butler,  Dr.  S.  Barranca,  Almirante  Meliton  Car- 
vajal,  Dr.  Salvador  Cavero,  Eulojio  Delgado,  Dr.  Alberto  Elmore,  Dr.  Eduardo 
Havich,  Dr.  Jose  Augusto  de  Izcue,  Coronel  Ernesto  Lacombe,  Dr.  David  Matto, 
Ricardo  Palma,  Dr.  Pablo  Patron,  Pedro  E.  Paulet,  Dr.  Manuel  O.  Tamayo,  Dr. 
Uhle,  Federico  Villarreal. 

Salvador. — Dr.  Nicolas  Aguilar,  Santiago  I.  Barberena,  Dr.  Gustavo  S.  Baron, 
Dr.  Carlos  F.  Dardano,  David  J.  Guzman,  Dr.  Jose  Pena  Fernandez,  Miguel  Pinto, 
Calixto  Velado. 

United  States. — Prof.  Leo  S.  Rowe,  University  of  Pennsylvania;  Prof.  William  R. 
Shepherd,  Columbia  University;  Universities  of  California,  Chicago,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  George  Washington,  Harvard,  Illinois,  Johns  Hopkins,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Pennsylvania,  Princeton,  Texas,  Wisconsin,  and  Yale. 

Uruguay. — Dr.  Eduardo  Acevedo,  Dr.  Matias  Alonso  Criado,  Orestes  Araujo, 
Prof.  Jose  Arrechavaleta,  Dr.  Carlos  Berro,  Dr.  Ernesto  P'ernandez  Espiro,  Dr.  Pedro 
Figari,  Dr.  Daniel  Garcia  Acevedo,  Da  Alfredo  Giribaldi,  Dra.  Paulina  Luisi,  Carlos 
M.  Maeso,  Juan  Monteverde,  Luis  Morandi,  Dr.  Jaime  H.  Oliver,  Dr.  Manuel  B. 
Otero,  Dr.  Carlos  M.  de  Pena,  Dr.  Luis  Pineiro  del  Campo,  Alfredo  Ramos  Montero, 
Jose  Enrique  Rodo,  Dr.  Joaquin  de  Salterain,  Dr.  Augusto  Turenne,  Pablo  Varzi, 
Dr.  Alfredo  Vidal  y  Fuentes,  Damian  Vivas  Cerantes,  Dr.  Juan  Zorrilla  de  San  Martin. 

Venezuela. — Ramon  E.  Albarracin,  Cesar  Baldo,  Eduardo  Blanco,  Eduardo  Calcano, 
Dr.  Juan  Manuel  Hurtado  Machado,  Dr.  Simon  Planas  Suarez,  Gumersindo  Rivas, 
Pedro  Manuel  Ruiz,  Dr.  Marco  Antonio  Saluzzo,  Dr.  Elias  Toro,  M.  Tosta  Garcia, 
Nerio  A.  Valarino. 


INDEX 


Addresses:  Pase 

Balmaceda,  Rafael,  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  Chile 10 

Poirier,  Eduardo,  secretary  of  organization  committee 11 

Ribeyro  de  Lisboa,  Enrique,  president  of  the  congress 13 

Root,  Elihu,  Secretary  of  State 7 

Rowe,  L.  S.,  chairman  of  American  delegation 22,  23 

Suarez  Mujica,  Eduardo,  minister  of  justice  and  public  instruction,  Chile.  14 

Agronomy  and  zootechnics,  report  on 54-57 

American  scientists,  papers  (by  titles)  presented  by 20 

American  universities: 

Conclusions  presented  in  subsection  on 48 

Delegates  of 9, 58 

Antecedents  of  first  Pan-American  Scientific  Congress 5 

Anthropology  and  ethnology  of  American  races,  report  on 30-31 

Appendixes  A-R 5,19-62 

Appendix  A 19 

Appendix  B 20-21 

Appendix  C 22 

Appendix  D 23 

Appendix  E 24-25 

Appendix  F 26-29 

Appendix  G 30-31 

Appendix  H : 32-33 

Appendix  1 34-35 

Appendix  J 36-37 

Appendix  K 38-39 

Appendix  L 40-42 

Appendix  M 43-46 

Appendix  N 47-53 

Appendix  0 54-57 

Appendix  P 58 

Appendix  Q 59-60 

Appendix  R 61-62 

Argentine  Republic,  cooperative  committee 61 

Balmaceda,  Rafael,  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  Chile,  address  of 10 

Barbour,  Thomas,  report  of 32-33 

Bingham,  Hiram,  American  delegate,  report  of 43-46 

Bolivia,  cooperative  committee 61 

Botany.    Zoology  and,  report  on 32-33 

Brazil,  cooperative  committee 61 

Chemical  sciences.     Physical  and 26-29 

Chile,  hospitality  of 15-16 

Colombia,  cooperative  committee 61 

Committees: 

Cooperative 61-62 

Organization 59 

Provisional,  for  second  Pan- American  Scientific  Congress 12 

Conclusions  adopted  by  various  sections.     (See  Reports  in  Appendixes.) 

Coolidge,  Archibald  Gary,  American  delegate,  report  of 46 

Costa  Rica,  cooperative  committee , , . , . , 61 

Cuba,  cooperative  committee ,  - , , , ,,.,„.,., , 61 

Curtis,  H.  D.,  report  of 24-25,  36-37 

Delegates  to  the  congress: 

American  universities ,.  T .......  T 58 

Association  of  American  universities, ,.,.,,,,,,. ,,.,,,,,,, ,  §8 

63 


64  INDEX. 

Delegates  to  the  congress — Continued.  Page 

Official,  United  States 7,58 

Other  institutions 58 

Delegation  of  United  States,  official: 

Appointment  of  delegates,  organization  of  delegation,  preliminary  sessions 

(Washington) 7-8 

Assembling  of — 

In  Buenos  Aires 8 

In  Santiago 9 

Papers  (by  title)  presented  to  congress 20 

Diplomatic  history,  report  on , 46 

Dominican  Republic,  cooperative  committee 61 

Ecuador,  cooperative  committee 61 

Engineering,  report  on 36-37 

Ethnology.     Anthropology  and,  of  American  races,  report  on 30-31 

Fine  arts,  report  on 53 

Geology  and  related  subjects,  report  on 34-35 

Gorgas,  W.  C.,  American  delegate,  report  of 38-39 

Government,  report  on  representative  and  parliamentary,  centralization  and 

decentralization 45-46 

Guatemala,  cooperative  committee 62 

Haiti,  cooperative  committee ; 62 

Hempel,  Adolph,  report  of 32 

History,  report  on 43 

Holmes,  W.  H.,  American  delegate,  report  of 30-31,  47 

Honduras,  cooperative  committee 62 

Hospitality  of  Chile 15-16 

Hygiene.     Medical  science  and,  report  on 38-39 

International  Bureau  of  American  Republics 12 

International  law,  report  on 44 

International  policy,  report  on 46 

Juridical  sciences,  report  on 40-42 

Mathematics,  pure  and  applied,  report  on 24-25 

Medical  science  and  hygiene,  report  on 38-39 

Message  of  President  Roosevelt  regarding  representation  in  congress 19 

Mexico,  cooperative  committee 62 

Mujica,  Eduardo  Suarez,  minister  of  justice  and  public  instruction,  Chile, 

address  of 14 

Nicaragua,  cooperative  committee 62 

Officers  of  congress 10 

Organization  committee 58 

Organization  of  the  congress 10-11 

Panama,  cooperative  committee 62 

Papers  (by  title),  presented  in  the  various  sections.     (See  Reports  in  Appen- 
dixes.) 
Papers  (by  title)  presented  to  the  congress  by — 

American  delegation 20 

American  scientists 20 

University  delegates 

juay,  cooperative  committee 62 

Pedagogy  and  philosophy,  fine  arts,  report  on 47-53 

Peru,  cooperative  committee .- 62 

Philosophy.     Pedagogy  and,  report  on 47-53 

Physical  and  chemical  sciences,  report  on 26-29 

Physics 35 

Poirier,  Eduardo,  secretary  of  organization  committee,  remarks  of 11 

Preliminary  sessions  of  American  delegation 7-8 

Recommendations  adopted  by  various  sections.     (See  Reports  in  Appendixes.) 

Regulations  of  Congress 59-60 

Remsch,  Paul  S.,  American  delegate,  report  of 40-42 

Reports  on — 

Agronomy  and  zootechnics 54-57 

Anthropology  and  ethnology  of  the  American  races 30-31 

Diplomatic  history  and  international  policy 46 

Engineering 36-37 

Geology  and  related  subjects , 34-35 

History 43 

International  law . .  44 


INDEX.  65 

Reports  on — Continued.  Page 

Juridical  sciences 40-42 

Mathematics,  pure  and  applied 24-25 

Medical  science  and  hygiene 38-39 

Pedagogy  and  philosophy 39-45 

Physical  and  chemical  sciences 26-29 

Representative  and  parliamentary  government 45-46 

Zoology  and  botany 32-33 

Resolutions — 

Adopted  by  the  congress 11-13 

By  the  sections.     (See  Reports  in  Appendixes.) 

Ribeyro  de  Lisboa,  Enrique,  president  of  the  congress,  address  of 13 

Rommel,  George  M.,  American  delegate,  report  of 54-57 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  message  of,  regarding  representation  in  congress 19 

Root,  Elihu: 

Address  of,  to  members  of  American  delegation 7 

Letter  of,  to  President  Roosevelt,  regarding  representation  in  congress. ...         19 
Rowe,  L.  S.,  chairman  of  delegation: 
Address  at — 

Inaugural  session  of  the  congress 22 

Closing  session 23 

Report  on  international  law 44 

Representative  and  parliamentary  government,  centralization  and  decen- 
tralization   45-46 

Salvador,  cooperative  committee 62 

Scientific  associations,  delegates  of 9,  58 

Sectional  meetings 11 

Shepherd,  William  R.,  American  delegate,  report  of 47-53 

Smith,  W.  B.,  American  delegate,  report  of 26-29 

Social  sciences,  report  on 43-46 

Suarez,  Mujica,  Eduardo,  minister  of  justice  and  public  instruction,  Chile, 

address  of 14 

Taf  t,  William  H . ,  letter  transmitting  delegation  report  to  United  States  congress .          2 

United  States,  cooperative  committee 62 

Uruguay,  cooperative  committee 62 

Venezuela,  cooperative  committee 63 

Wilson,  Huntington,  letter  transmitting  delegation  report  to  President 5 

Woodworth,  J.  B.,  report  of 34-33 

Zoology  and  botany,  report  on 32-33 

Zootechnics.     Agronomy  and 54-57 

o 

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Richmond,  CA  94804-4698 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

•  2-month  loans  may  be  renewed  by  calling 
(510)642-6753 

•  1-year  loans  may  be  recharged  by  bringing 
books  to  NRLF 

•  Renewals  and  recharges  may  be  made  4 
days  prior  to  due  date. 

DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 


FEB  25  p— 


Santa  Cru» 


12,000(11/95) 


A 


183110 


